Abstract
A comparative assessment of Diplazium maximum (D. Don) C. Chr. young edible fronds revealed significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) in nutritional and bioactive properties across Shimla (SA), Mandi (SB) and Chamba districts (SC) of Himachal Pradesh. SC and SB fronds exhibited the highest content of moisture (92.78 %), total energy (1353.61 KJ/100 g), crude fat (2.86 %), total ash (12.64 %) and total carbohydrates (50.78 %), dietary fiber (40.54 %), total soluble sugar (1.60 %), respectively. The significantly highest (p ≤ 0.05) protein (28.02 %), calcium ( Ca 0.12 %), iron (Fe 0.0157 %), copper (Cu 0.0026 %) and manganese (Mn 0.0021 %) content was recorded at SA. Antioxidant profiling showed the significant activity in SB hydro-alcoholic extract, demonstrating the lowest IC50 values (53.31 and 50.69 µg/mL) for 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays corresponding to the highest total phenolics (TP=90.71 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (TF=75.65 mg QE/g) concentration. Phytochemicals screening also confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins. Total chlorophyll (50.53 µg/100 g) and total carotenoids (7.48 µg/100 g) content varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) across all sites, being highest in SB and SC fronds respectively. Fatty acids profiling through gas chromatography-mu ass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed dominance of methyl palmitate (85.5 %) and methyl lignocarate (18.97 %). Overall, D. maximum fronds exhibit strong nutritional, bioactive and antioxidant potential, supporting their value as a sustainable wild edible resource for enhancing food security and future nutraceutical applications.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Chamba fronds had the highest moisture content, 92.78%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximum
Diplazium maximumt0 - Outcome
- moisturee0
- Value
- 92.78 %e0
- Setting
- SCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SC and SB fronds exhibited the highest content of moisture (92.78 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamba fronds had the highest total energy, 1353.61 KJ/100 g.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- total energye0
- Value
- 1353.61 KJ/100 ge0
- Setting
- SCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SC and SB fronds exhibited the highest content of moisture (92.78 %), total energy (1353.61 KJ/100 g)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamba fronds had the highest crude fat, 2.86%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- crude fate0
- Value
- 2.86 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crude fat (2.86 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamba fronds had the highest total ash, 12.64%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- total ashe0
- Value
- 12.64 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total ash (12.64 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamba fronds had the highest total carbohydrates, 50.78%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- total carbohydratese0
- Value
- 50.78 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total carbohydrates (50.78 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mandi fronds had the highest dietary fiber, 40.54%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- dietary fibere0
- Value
- 40.54 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dietary fiber (40.54 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mandi fronds had the highest total soluble sugar, 1.60%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- total soluble sugare0
- Value
- 1.60 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total soluble sugar (1.60 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shimla fronds had the highest protein, 28.02%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Value
- 28.02 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest (p ≤ 0.05) protein (28.02 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shimla fronds had the highest calcium, 0.12%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- calciume0
- Value
- 0.12 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium ( Ca 0.12 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shimla fronds had the highest iron, 0.0157%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- irone0
- Value
- 0.0157 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“iron (Fe 0.0157 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shimla fronds had the highest copper, 0.0026%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- coppere0
- Value
- 0.0026 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“copper (Cu 0.0026 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shimla fronds had the highest manganese, 0.0021%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- manganesee0
- Value
- 0.0021 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manganese (Mn 0.0021 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mandi extract had the lowest DPPH IC50, 53.31 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- IC50e0
- Value
- 53.31e0
- Qualifier
- DPPHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest IC50 values (53.31 and 50.69 µg/mL) for 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mandi extract had the lowest ABTS IC50, 50.69 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- IC50e0
- Value
- 50.69 µg/mLe0
- Qualifier
- ABTSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest IC50 values (53.31 and 50.69 µg/mL) for 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mandi extract had the highest total phenolics, 90.71 mg GAE/g.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- total phenolicse0
- Value
- 90.71 mg GAE/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest total phenolics (TP=90.71 mg GAE/g)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mandi extract had the highest flavonoids, 75.65 mg QE/g.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Value
- 75.65 mg QE/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavonoids (TF=75.65 mg QE/g)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins were detected.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins and saponinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll was highest in Mandi fronds at 50.53 µg/100 g.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- Total chlorophylle0
- Value
- 50.53 µg/100 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total chlorophyll (50.53 µg/100 g)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Total carotenoids were highest in Chamba fronds at 7.48 µg/100 g.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- total carotenoidse0
- Value
- 7.48 µg/100 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total carotenoids (7.48 µg/100 g)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fatty acid profiling found methyl palmitate at 85.5% and methyl lignocarate at 18.97%.
- Taxon
- Diplazium maximumDiplazium maximumt0
- Outcome
- methyl palmitatee0
- Value
- 85.5 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dominance of methyl palmitate (85.5 %) and methyl lignocarate (18.97 %)”
t0“Diplazium maximum”