Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al 3+ ) toxicity is a major constraint to wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) productivity in acidic soils, where it restricts root growth and impairs nutrient and water uptake. Characterizing root system architecture (RSA) offers an effective approach for early screening of genotypes capable of maintaining growth under Al 3+ stress. This work aimed (i) to evaluate the effects of increasing Al 3 + concentrations on shoot development and RSA in wheat cultivars and (ii) to identify root traits that serve as reliable indicators of Al 3 + tolerance. Four cultivars, Anahuac, IAC‐5, Onix, and Quartzo, were grown in a greenhouse for 15 days under increasing concentrations of Al 3+ (0, 37.5, 75, and 150 µM). The cv. IAC‐5 presented the highest tolerance to Al 3+ , verified by the maintenance of shoot dry weight and foliar area, nearly twice the average of the other cultivars and reductions of only 1.4% and 13.9%, respectively, at 150 µM Al 3+ compared to 0 µM Al 3+ . Anahuac and Quartzo showed pronounced reductions in shoot and root growth (approximately 50%), with Anahuac being the most sensitive. Increasing Al 3+ concentrations reduced total root length, number of forks, and the proportion of thin roots while increasing average root diameter; root thickening was particularly evident in Al‐sensitive cultivars and in first‐ and second‐order lateral roots. Al 3+ tolerance was associated with sustained root emission and elongation, especially lateral roots during early vegetative state. Overall, RSA characterization, particularly root length, diameter, and branching traits, provides an efficient and rapid phenotyping strategy for selecting Al 3+ ‐tolerant wheat genotypes.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
IAC‐5 had the highest Al tolerance among cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- IAC‐5e0
- Outcome
- tolerance to Al 3+e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cv. IAC‐5 presented the highest tolerance to Al 3+”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
IAC‐5 shoot dry weight declined only 1.4% at 150 µM versus 0 µM Al.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- IAC‐5e1
- Treatment
- 150 µM Al 3+e0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte1
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 1.4%e0
- Comparator
- 0 µM Al 3+e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions of only 1.4% and 13.9%, respectively, at 150 µM Al 3+ compared to 0 µM Al 3+”
t0“wheat”
e1“The cv. IAC‐5 presented the highest tolerance to Al 3+ , verified by the maintenance of shoot dry weight and foliar area”
Claim · model-written summary
IAC‐5 foliar area declined only 13.9% at 150 µM versus 0 µM Al.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- IAC‐5e1
- Treatment
- 150 µM Al 3+e0
- Outcome
- foliar areae1
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 13.9%e0
- Comparator
- 0 µM Al 3+e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions of only 1.4% and 13.9%, respectively, at 150 µM Al 3+ compared to 0 µM Al 3+”
t0“wheat”
e1“The cv. IAC‐5 presented the highest tolerance to Al 3+ , verified by the maintenance of shoot dry weight and foliar area”
Claim · model-written summary
Anahuac shoot and root growth declined approximately 50%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Anahuace0
- Treatment
- Al 3+e1
- Outcome
- shoot and root growthe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- approximately 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anahuac and Quartzo showed pronounced reductions in shoot and root growth (approximately 50%)”
t0“wheat”
e1“cv. IAC‐5 presented the highest tolerance to Al 3+”
Claim · model-written summary
Quartzo shoot and root growth declined approximately 50%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Quartzoe0
- Treatment
- Al 3+e1
- Outcome
- shoot and root growthe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- approximately 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anahuac and Quartzo showed pronounced reductions in shoot and root growth (approximately 50%)”
t0“wheat”
e1“cv. IAC‐5 presented the highest tolerance to Al 3+”
Claim · model-written summary
Anahuac was the most Al sensitive cultivar.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Anahuace0
- Outcome
- most sensitivee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anahuac being the most sensitive”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rising Al concentrations reduced total root length, forks and thin-root proportion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing Al 3+ concentrationse0
- Outcome
- total root length, number of forks, and the proportion of thin rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing Al 3+ concentrations reduced total root length, number of forks, and the proportion of thin roots”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rising Al concentrations increased average root diameter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Al 3+e1
- Outcome
- average root diametere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing average root diameter”
t0“wheat”
e1“Increasing Al 3+ concentrations reduced total root length”
Claim · model-written summary
Root thickening was strongest in sensitive cultivars and first- and second-order laterals.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- root thickeninge0
- Qualifier
- Al‐sensitive cultivars and in first‐ and second‐order lateral rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root thickening was particularly evident in Al‐sensitive cultivars and in first‐ and second‐order lateral roots”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Al tolerance was associated with sustained root emission and elongation, especially lateral roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- lateral rootse0
- Outcome
- Al 3+ tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- sustained root emission and elongatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al 3+ tolerance was associated with sustained root emission and elongation, especially lateral roots during early vegetative state”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RSA traits provide rapid phenotyping for Al-tolerant wheat genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- efficient and rapid phenotyping strategye0
- Comparator
- root length, diameter, and branching traitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RSA characterization, particularly root length, diameter, and branching traits, provides an efficient and rapid phenotyping strategy for selecting Al 3+ ‐tolerant wheat genotypes”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 54 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
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