Abstract
Hypericum species have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times because of their important pharmacological properties. Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra belongs to the Hypericaceae family and is native to Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean region. In this study, the essential oil and aroma contents of H. triquetrifolium collected from 21 different localities in the eastern region of Turkey were determined via GC-MS/FID. In addition, the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities (cholinesterase, tyrosinase and urease) of the essential oils and major components were determined. Finally, the essential oil and aroma contents were evaluated chemically. The major components of H. triquetrifolium collected from 21 different locations were generally determined to be octane, 2-methyl (1.35%-25.18%), α-pinene (1.32%-19.1%), nonane, 3-methyl (2.43%-24.59%) and caryophyllene (3.79%-30.78%). When the aroma content was examined, octane, 2-methyl (14.22%-44%), nonane (6.37%-18.29%), nonane, 3-methyl (7.62-23.12%) and decane, 2-methyl (3.46%-22.74%) were generally identified as the major components. Overall, all samples were found to have moderate antioxidant capacity. In the AChE enzyme inhibition test, at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, samples S-19, S-9 and S-11 (inhibition %: 87.61 ± 0.63; 84.29 ± 1.51; 82.28 ± 0.53, respectively), and in the BChE enzyme inhibition test, the S-1, S-4 and S-6 samples (88.76 ± 0.79; 91.29 ± 1.58; 93.15 ± 2.16, respectively) were found to be more active than the reference galantamine. In the tyrosinase enzyme inhibition test, samples S-5 and S-13 (inhibition %: 57.09 ± 2.53 and 66.86 ± 0.50, respectively) were found to have greater activity than the other samples. A total of 21 H. triquetrifolium samples collected from different regions of Diyarbakır, Mardin, Elazığ, Siirt, Batman and Şanlıurfa Provinces were analysed via principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) techniques on the basis of volatile and aroma components. PCA revealed that the dominant volatile components in the samples formed three groups, and regional differences had no significant effect on the samples. The first two principal components explained 59.2% of the variance. The antioxidant capacities of essential oils, their high contents of compounds such as α-pinene and caryophyllene, and their strong acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition activities are considered to have potential for use in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Major essential oil constituents included 2-methyloctane, α-pinene, 3-methylnonane and caryophyllene.
- Taxon
- H. triquetrifolium
Hypericum triquetrifoliume0 - Outcome
- octane, 2-methyle0
- Value
- 1.35%-25.18%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major components of H. triquetrifolium collected from 21 different locations were generally determined to be octane, 2-methyl (1.35%-25.18%), α-pinene (1.32%-19.1%), nonane, 3-methyl (2.43%-24.59%) and caryophyllene (3.79%-30.78%)”
Claim · model-written summary
α-Pinene ranged from 1.32% to 19.1% among essential oils.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“α-pinene (1.32%-19.1%)”
Claim · model-written summary
3-Methylnonane ranged from 2.43% to 24.59% among essential oils.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“nonane, 3-methyl (2.43%-24.59%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Caryophyllene ranged from 3.79% to 30.78% among essential oils.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“caryophyllene (3.79%-30.78%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Major aroma 2-methyloctane ranged from 14.22% to 44%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“octane, 2-methyl (14.22%-44%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Major aroma nonane ranged from 6.37% to 18.29%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“nonane (6.37%-18.29%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Major aroma 3-methylnonane ranged from 7.62% to 23.12%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“nonane, 3-methyl (7.62-23.12%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Major aroma 2-methyldecane ranged from 3.46% to 22.74%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“decane, 2-methyl (3.46%-22.74%)”
Claim · model-written summary
All essential oil samples had moderate antioxidant capacity.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“all samples were found to have moderate antioxidant capacity”
Claim · model-written summary
S-19 had AChE inhibition of 87.61 ± 0.63%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“samples S-19, S-9 and S-11 (inhibition %: 87.61 ± 0.63; 84.29 ± 1.51; 82.28 ± 0.53, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
S-9 had AChE inhibition of 84.29 ± 1.51%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“samples S-19, S-9 and S-11 (inhibition %: 87.61 ± 0.63; 84.29 ± 1.51; 82.28 ± 0.53, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
S-11 had AChE inhibition of 82.28 ± 0.53%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“samples S-19, S-9 and S-11 (inhibition %: 87.61 ± 0.63; 84.29 ± 1.51; 82.28 ± 0.53, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
S-1, S-4 and S-6 exceeded galantamine in BChE inhibition.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the S-1, S-4 and S-6 samples (88.76 ± 0.79; 91.29 ± 1.58; 93.15 ± 2.16, respectively) were found to be more active than the reference galantamine”
Claim · model-written summary
S-5 and S-13 showed greater tyrosinase inhibition than other samples.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“samples S-5 and S-13 (inhibition %: 57.09 ± 2.53 and 66.86 ± 0.50, respectively) were found to have greater activity than the other samples”
Claim · model-written summary
The volatile components formed three PCA groups.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“PCA revealed that the dominant volatile components in the samples formed three groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Regional differences had no significant effect on the volatile samples.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“regional differences had no significant effect on the samples”
Claim · model-written summary
The first two PCA components explained 59.2% of variance.
Verbatim
e0“The first two principal components explained 59.2% of the variance”