Abstract
Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) establishes beneficial associations with most terrestrial plants and is known to enhance tolerance against salinity stress. However, the specific role of AMF-mediated soil enzyme activation and downstream signaling mechanisms in rice remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of Claroideoglomus claroideum on soil enzyme dynamics (protease, sucrase, invertase, β-glucosidase, and urease) and their contribution to NaCl stress alleviation in two rice varieties. Rice seedlings were inoculated with AMF and exposed to 175 mM NaCl under controlled conditions. Mycorrhization significantly increased the activities of soil enzymes, with protease, urease, sucrase, invertase, and β-glucosidase enhanced by 60, 61, 70, 140, and 32%, respectively. Enhanced enzymatic activities promoted nutrient mobilization and root exudation, leading to higher accumulation of N-rich osmolytes such as proline and sugar-derived metabolites such as glucose. These compounds not only contributed to osmoprotection and secondary metabolite production (anthocyanins and flavonoids) but also supported microbial resilience in the rhizosphere. Importantly, AMF association triggered Ca2+ signaling events that strengthened antioxidant defenses, corroborated by increased Fe2+ uptake and elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities. Collectively, these mechanisms alleviated oxidative damage and improved physiological performance under NaCl stress. This study highlights the crucial role of AMF in linking soil enzyme activity with Ca2+ signaling and Fe-assisted antioxidant machinery, providing a sustainable biological strategy for mitigating salt stress in rice cultivation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization increased soil protease activity by 60%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Mycorrhizatione0
- Interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae1symbionte0
- Outcome
- soil enzymes, with proteasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 60e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhization significantly increased the activities of soil enzymes, with protease, urease, sucrase, invertase, and β-glucosidase enhanced by 60, 61, 70, 140, and 32%, respectively.”
t0“Rice”
e1“In this study, we investigated the effect of Claroideoglomus claroideum on soil enzyme dynamics”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization increased soil urease activity by 61%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizatione0
- Interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae1symbionte0
- Outcome
- ureasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 61e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhization significantly increased the activities of soil enzymes, with protease, urease, sucrase, invertase, and β-glucosidase enhanced by 60, 61, 70, 140, and 32%, respectively.”
t0“Rice”
e1“In this study, we investigated the effect of Claroideoglomus claroideum on soil enzyme dynamics”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization increased soil sucrase activity by 70%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizatione0
- Interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae1symbionte0
- Outcome
- sucrasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 70e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhization significantly increased the activities of soil enzymes, with protease, urease, sucrase, invertase, and β-glucosidase enhanced by 60, 61, 70, 140, and 32%, respectively.”
t0“Rice”
e1“In this study, we investigated the effect of Claroideoglomus claroideum on soil enzyme dynamics”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization increased soil invertase activity by 140%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizatione0
- Interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae1symbionte0
- Outcome
- invertasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 140e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhization significantly increased the activities of soil enzymes, with protease, urease, sucrase, invertase, and β-glucosidase enhanced by 60, 61, 70, 140, and 32%, respectively.”
t0“Rice”
e1“In this study, we investigated the effect of Claroideoglomus claroideum on soil enzyme dynamics”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization increased soil β-glucosidase activity by 32%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizatione0
- Interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae1symbionte0
- Outcome
- β-glucosidasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhization significantly increased the activities of soil enzymes, with protease, urease, sucrase, invertase, and β-glucosidase enhanced by 60, 61, 70, 140, and 32%, respectively.”
t0“Rice”
e1“In this study, we investigated the effect of Claroideoglomus claroideum on soil enzyme dynamics”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced enzyme activity promoted nutrient mobilization and root exudation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae1symbionte0
- Outcome
- nutrient mobilization and root exudatione0
- Qualifier
- Enhanced enzymatic activitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced enzymatic activities promoted nutrient mobilization and root exudation”
t0“Rice”
e1“In this study, we investigated the effect of Claroideoglomus claroideum on soil enzyme dynamics”
Claim · model-written summary
Enzyme activity led to higher proline and glucose accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae1symbionte0
- Outcome
- higher accumulation of N-rich osmolytes such as proline and sugar-derived metabolites such as glucosee0
- Qualifier
- N-rich osmolytese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to higher accumulation of N-rich osmolytes such as proline and sugar-derived metabolites such as glucose.”
t0“Rice”
e1“In this study, we investigated the effect of Claroideoglomus claroideum on soil enzyme dynamics”
Claim · model-written summary
The accumulated compounds contributed to osmoprotection and secondary metabolites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- osmoprotection and secondary metabolite production (anthocyanins and flavonoids)e0
- Qualifier
- These compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These compounds not only contributed to osmoprotection and secondary metabolite production (anthocyanins and flavonoids)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The accumulated compounds supported rhizosphere microbial resilience.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- microbial resilience in the rhizospheree0
- Qualifier
- These compoundse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but also supported microbial resilience in the rhizosphere.”
t0“Rice”
e1“These compounds not only contributed to osmoprotection and secondary metabolite production (anthocyanins and flavonoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF association triggered calcium signaling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Ca2+ signaling eventse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF association triggered Ca2+ signaling events”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF association strengthened antioxidant defenses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant defensese0
- Qualifier
- Ca2+ signaling eventse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF association triggered Ca2+ signaling events that strengthened antioxidant defenses”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron uptake increased with AMF association.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Fe2+ uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corroborated by increased Fe2+ uptake and elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities.”
t0“Rice”
e1“AMF association triggered Ca2+ signaling events”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities rose with AMF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activitiese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corroborated by increased Fe2+ uptake and elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities.”
t0“Rice”
e1“AMF association triggered Ca2+ signaling events”
Claim · model-written summary
The proposed mechanisms alleviated oxidative damage and improved physiological performance under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- oxidative damage and improved physiological performancee0
- Qualifier
- these mechanismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Collectively, these mechanisms alleviated oxidative damage and improved physiological performance under NaCl stress.”
t0“Rice”
e1“AMF association triggered Ca2+ signaling events”