Abstract
Immune activation in plants triggers extracellular alkalinization, presumably by inhibiting plasma membrane H + -ATPases. The precise role and underlying mechanisms of this process remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Pseudomonas syringae bacteria induce apoplastic alkalinization not only at the site of infection but also in neighboring distal tissues to prime defenses and disease resistance in Arabidopsis . We show that several calcium-dependent protein kinases phosphorylate Ser899 of two major autoinhibited H + -ATPases to dampen their activity, leading to alkalinization. The distal alkalinization is accompanied by the transcriptional activation of phytocytokines, including plant elicitor peptides, serine-rich endogenous peptides, and their receptors. We show that these phytocytokines promote distal alkalinization and disease resistance, whereas the apoplastic alkalinization sensitizes the phytocytokine perception that further induces phytocytokine genes. Our study suggests that apoplastic alkalinization and phytocytokine gene expression mutually potentiate and act as a combined signal that propagates in local-distal communication and disease resistance priming.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas syringae induces apoplastic alkalinization at the infection site and in neighboring distal tissues of Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Organ / stage
- neighboring distal tissuese0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas syringae bacteriae0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Outcome
- apoplastic alkalinizatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae bacteria induce apoplastic alkalinization not only at the site of infection but also in neighboring distal tissues to prime defenses and disease resistance in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Several calcium-dependent protein kinases phosphorylate Ser899 of two major autoinhibited H+-ATPases, dampening their activity and leading to apoplastic alkalinization.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Gene
- H + -ATPasese1
- Outcome
- their activitye1
- Qualifier
- phosphorylate Ser899e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae bacteria induce apoplastic alkalinization not only at the site of infection but also in neighboring distal tissues to prime defenses and disease resistance in Arabidopsis”
e1“several calcium-dependent protein kinases phosphorylate Ser899 of two major autoinhibited H + -ATPases to dampen their activity, leading to alkalinization”
Claim · model-written summary
Distal alkalinization is accompanied by transcriptional activation of phytocytokines, including plant elicitor peptides, serine-rich endogenous peptides and their receptors, in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- transcriptional activation of phytocytokinese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae bacteria induce apoplastic alkalinization not only at the site of infection but also in neighboring distal tissues to prime defenses and disease resistance in Arabidopsis”
e2“The distal alkalinization is accompanied by the transcriptional activation of phytocytokines, including plant elicitor peptides, serine-rich endogenous peptides, and their receptors”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytocytokines promote distal alkalinization and disease resistance in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- phytocytokinese3
- Outcome
- distal alkalinization and disease resistancee3
- Direction
- promotee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae bacteria induce apoplastic alkalinization not only at the site of infection but also in neighboring distal tissues to prime defenses and disease resistance in Arabidopsis”
e3“We show that these phytocytokines promote distal alkalinization and disease resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Apoplastic alkalinization sensitizes phytocytokine perception in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- apoplastic alkalinizatione4
- Outcome
- phytocytokine perceptione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae bacteria induce apoplastic alkalinization not only at the site of infection but also in neighboring distal tissues to prime defenses and disease resistance in Arabidopsis”
e4“the apoplastic alkalinization sensitizes the phytocytokine perception that further induces phytocytokine genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytocytokine perception induces phytocytokine gene expression in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- phytocytokine perceptione4
- Outcome
- phytocytokine genese4
- Direction
- inducese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae bacteria induce apoplastic alkalinization not only at the site of infection but also in neighboring distal tissues to prime defenses and disease resistance in Arabidopsis”
e4“the apoplastic alkalinization sensitizes the phytocytokine perception that further induces phytocytokine genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Apoplastic alkalinization and phytocytokine gene expression mutually potentiate and act as a combined signal for local-distal communication and disease resistance priming in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- disease resistance priminge5
- Qualifier
- combined signale5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae bacteria induce apoplastic alkalinization not only at the site of infection but also in neighboring distal tissues to prime defenses and disease resistance in Arabidopsis”
e5“Our study suggests that apoplastic alkalinization and phytocytokine gene expression mutually potentiate and act as a combined signal that propagates in local-distal communication and disease resistance priming”