Abstract
To assess digestate’s efficacy as a fertilizer for basil development, a two-year pot experiment was established, comprising four fertilization treatments: namely, mineral fertilizer (F), digestate (D), combined mineral fertilizer and digestate (1:1, FD), and unfertilized control (C). Key metrics assessed included plant height, chlorophyll concentration index (CCI), total biomass (TB), leaf production (LP), essential oil yield, and composition. Post-harvest analysis evaluated nutrient and heavy metal content and pathogen contamination in the growing substrate and leaves. FD treatment produced the highest TB (68.2 g plant−1) and LP (52.7 g plant−1). Digestate application substantially enhanced substrate nutrient availability, increasing extractable phosphorus by 68.5%, potassium by 134.4%, and organic matter by 54.7%. The essential oil yield was significantly higher in the control plants. whereas different fertilization regimes altered secondary metabolite synthesis. Specifically, fertilization with digestate favored sesquiterpenes synthesis, inorganic fertilization enhanced methyleugenol and β-farnesene synthesis, and the control showed higher limonene, eugenol, and linalool. Heavy metal accumulation in the growing substrate was negligible, remaining well within regulatory limits. Salmonella spp., were not detected. Pathogen concentration in the growing substrate was low, while Enterococcus faecalis levels were marginally below EU safety limits (100 cfu g−1) on the leaves. Continuous monitoring of soil chemical properties and plant products after digestate application is essential to ensure soil health and food safety.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Combined mineral fertilizer and digestate gave the highest total biomass.
- Taxon
- Basil
Ocimum basilicumt0 - Treatment
- FD treatmente0
- Outcome
- TBe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 68.2 g plant−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FD treatment produced the highest TB (68.2 g plant−1) and LP (52.7 g plant−1).”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined mineral fertilizer and digestate gave the highest leaf production.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- FD treatmente0
- Outcome
- LPe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 52.7 g plant−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FD treatment produced the highest TB (68.2 g plant−1) and LP (52.7 g plant−1).”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate increased substrate extractable phosphorus by 68.5%.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Digestate applicatione0
- Outcome
- extractable phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 68.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Digestate application substantially enhanced substrate nutrient availability, increasing extractable phosphorus by 68.5%, potassium by 134.4%, and organic matter by 54.7%.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate increased substrate potassium by 134.4%.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Digestate applicatione0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 134.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Digestate application substantially enhanced substrate nutrient availability, increasing extractable phosphorus by 68.5%, potassium by 134.4%, and organic matter by 54.7%.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate increased substrate organic matter by 54.7%.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Digestate applicatione0
- Outcome
- organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 54.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Digestate application substantially enhanced substrate nutrient availability, increasing extractable phosphorus by 68.5%, potassium by 134.4%, and organic matter by 54.7%.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Control basil plants had significantly higher essential oil yield.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- control plantse0
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The essential oil yield was significantly higher in the control plants.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
fertilization with digestate favored sesquiterpenes synthesis.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- fertilization with digestatee0
- Outcome
- sesquiterpenes synthesise0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization with digestate favored sesquiterpenes synthesis, inorganic fertilization enhanced methyleugenol and β-farnesene synthesis, and the control showed higher limonene, eugenol, and linalool.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
inorganic fertilization enhanced methyleugenol and β-farnesene synthesis.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- methyleugenol and β-farnesene synthesise0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization with digestate favored sesquiterpenes synthesis, inorganic fertilization enhanced methyleugenol and β-farnesene synthesis, and the control showed higher limonene, eugenol, and linalool.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
control higher limonene, eugenol, and linalool.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- limonene, eugenol, and linaloole0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization with digestate favored sesquiterpenes synthesis, inorganic fertilization enhanced methyleugenol and β-farnesene synthesis, and the control showed higher limonene, eugenol, and linalool.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal accumulation in the substrate was negligible.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Outcome
- Heavy metal accumulation in the growing substratee0
- Qualifier
- well within regulatory limitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heavy metal accumulation in the growing substrate was negligible, remaining well within regulatory limits.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Salmonella was not detected.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Interactor
- Salmonella spp.
Salmonellae0pathogent1 - Outcome
- Salmonella spp., were not detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salmonella spp., were not detected.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen concentration in the growing substrate was low.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Outcome
- Pathogen concentration in the growing substratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pathogen concentration in the growing substrate was low, while Enterococcus faecalis levels were marginally below EU safety limits (100 cfu g−1) on the leaves.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Enterococcus faecalis on leaves was just below the EU safety limit.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Interactor
- Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalise0pathogent1 - Outcome
- Enterococcus faecalis levelse0
- Value
- 100 cfu g−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pathogen concentration in the growing substrate was low, while Enterococcus faecalis levels were marginally below EU safety limits (100 cfu g−1) on the leaves.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend monitoring soil chemistry and plant products after digestate use.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- digestate applicatione0
- Outcome
- Continuous monitoring of soil chemical properties and plant productse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous monitoring of soil chemical properties and plant products after digestate application is essential to ensure soil health and food safety.”
t0“Basil”
t1“Basil”
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