Abstract
Abstract Herbicides are one of the primary tools for vegetation management along roadsides. However, the drift of particles and vapors from herbicide applications along roadsides can cause damage and yield loss in adjacent sensitive crops. The objective of this research was to investigate the response of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) to sublethal rates of five herbicides [sulfometuron‐methyl, indaziflam, triclopyr, triclopyr + clopyralid, and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) + dichlorprop] commonly used along North Carolina roadsides. Each herbicide was applied at four rates (0.01×, 0.05×, 0.10×, and 1× of the field rate) and at six different timings (18, 12, and 6 weeks before planting or transplanting, at planting or transplanting, and 4 and 8 weeks after planting or transplanting). Field studies were conducted at the Sandhills Research Station near Jackson Springs, NC, in 2022 and 2023. In soybean, triclopyr applied post‐planting caused the greatest injury and yield loss, up to 100% when applied at the full dose (1×), while indaziflam was most damaging at or before planting. In tobacco, triclopyr followed by 2,4‐D + dichlorprop applied post‐transplanting caused the greatest injury and height reduction, whereas indaziflam caused mild visual injury (≤28%) and minimal height reduction across all timings. Crop damage generally increased with rate; however, injury, height reduction, and yield loss were occasionally observed even at the lowest rate (0.01×). These findings demonstrate that herbicides commonly used for roadside vegetation management differ in their potential to injure soybean and tobacco crops, underscoring the importance of informed and cautious herbicide selection to minimize the risk of off‐target injury when these crops are grown near roadsides.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Postplanting triclopyr caused the greatest soybean injury.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- triclopyr applied post‐plantinge0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- full dose (1×)e0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, triclopyr applied post‐planting caused the greatest injury and yield loss, up to 100% when applied at the full dose (1×), while indaziflam was most damaging at or before planting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postplanting triclopyr caused the greatest soybean yield loss.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- triclopyr applied post‐plantinge0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- full dose (1×)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, triclopyr applied post‐planting caused the greatest injury and yield loss, up to 100% when applied at the full dose (1×), while indaziflam was most damaging at or before planting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Indaziflam was most damaging to soybean at or before planting.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- indaziflame0
- Outcome
- most damaginge0
- Direction
- most damaginge0
- Qualifier
- at or before plantinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, triclopyr applied post‐planting caused the greatest injury and yield loss, up to 100% when applied at the full dose (1×), while indaziflam was most damaging at or before planting.”
Claim · model-written summary
triclopyr caused greatest tobacco injury.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- triclopyre0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In tobacco, triclopyr followed by 2,4‐D + dichlorprop applied post‐transplanting caused the greatest injury and height reduction, whereas indaziflam caused mild visual injury (≤28%) and minimal height reduction across all timings.”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4‐D + dichlorprop caused greatest tobacco injury.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- 2,4‐D + dichlorprope0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In tobacco, triclopyr followed by 2,4‐D + dichlorprop applied post‐transplanting caused the greatest injury and height reduction, whereas indaziflam caused mild visual injury (≤28%) and minimal height reduction across all timings.”
Claim · model-written summary
triclopyr caused greatest tobacco height reduction.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- triclopyre0
- Outcome
- height reductione0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In tobacco, triclopyr followed by 2,4‐D + dichlorprop applied post‐transplanting caused the greatest injury and height reduction, whereas indaziflam caused mild visual injury (≤28%) and minimal height reduction across all timings.”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4‐D + dichlorprop caused greatest tobacco height reduction.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- 2,4‐D + dichlorprope0
- Outcome
- height reductione0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In tobacco, triclopyr followed by 2,4‐D + dichlorprop applied post‐transplanting caused the greatest injury and height reduction, whereas indaziflam caused mild visual injury (≤28%) and minimal height reduction across all timings.”
Claim · model-written summary
indaziflam caused mild tobacco visual injury.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- indaziflame0
- Outcome
- visual injurye0
- Direction
- milde0
- Value
- ≤28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In tobacco, triclopyr followed by 2,4‐D + dichlorprop applied post‐transplanting caused the greatest injury and height reduction, whereas indaziflam caused mild visual injury (≤28%) and minimal height reduction across all timings.”
Claim · model-written summary
indaziflam caused minimal tobacco height reduction.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- indaziflame0
- Outcome
- height reductione0
- Direction
- minimale0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In tobacco, triclopyr followed by 2,4‐D + dichlorprop applied post‐transplanting caused the greatest injury and height reduction, whereas indaziflam caused mild visual injury (≤28%) and minimal height reduction across all timings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop damage generally increased with herbicide rate.
- Taxon
- Soybean and tobaccoGlycine maxNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- ratee0
- Outcome
- Crop damagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop damage generally increased with rate; however, injury, height reduction, and yield loss were occasionally observed even at the lowest rate (0.01×).”
t0“Soybean and tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
injury occurred even at the lowest herbicide rate.
- Taxon
- Soybean and tobaccoGlycine maxNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Qualifier
- lowest rate (0.01×)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop damage generally increased with rate; however, injury, height reduction, and yield loss were occasionally observed even at the lowest rate (0.01×).”
t0“Soybean and tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
height reduction occurred even at the lowest herbicide rate.
- Taxon
- Soybean and tobaccoGlycine maxNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- height reductione0
- Qualifier
- lowest rate (0.01×)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop damage generally increased with rate; however, injury, height reduction, and yield loss were occasionally observed even at the lowest rate (0.01×).”
t0“Soybean and tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
yield loss occurred even at the lowest herbicide rate.
- Taxon
- Soybean and tobaccoGlycine maxNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Qualifier
- lowest rate (0.01×)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop damage generally increased with rate; however, injury, height reduction, and yield loss were occasionally observed even at the lowest rate (0.01×).”
t0“Soybean and tobacco”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.