Abstract
Abstract Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most consumed vegetables globally. However, it is highly susceptible to fruit rot disease, with Fusarium oxysporum being one of the primary causal pathogens. The frequent and unselective use of synthetic fungicides to control this disease has led to the development of resistant fungal strains and the accumulation of harmful residues in fruits. This study aimed to screen antifungal activity of selected plant extracts against F. oxysporum under in vitro conditions and to evaluate their efficacy in controlling fruit rot in tomatoes. Plant extracts were prepared using various solvents, and their antifungal activity was initially assessed through a poisoned food bioassay. Eight out of 48 plant extracts exhibited significant inhibition of F. oxysporum mycelial growth. These eight extracts were subsequently tested for their effects on conidial germination. Among them, ethanolic extracts of Garcinia mangostana pericarp and Averrhoa bilimbi fruit significantly suppressed conidial germination compared to the controls. When applied to inoculated tomato fruits, both extracts, at different concentrations, effectively reduced disease severity. Particularly, G. mangostana pericarp extract at 100 mg/mL demonstrated comparable efficacy to the commercial fungicide carbendazim in suppressing fruit rot symptoms. Moreover, treatment with G. mangostana extract resulted in tomatoes with the lowest colour change (∆ E *), reduced sweetness, and highest firmness, indicating preserved fruit quality. To broaden the scope of application, the most effective treatments were also evaluated in vivo against other fruit rot pathogens, namely F. proliferatum , Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , and Lasiodiplodia theobromae . These trials showed varying levels of disease severity reduction depending on the treatment and pathogen. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of G. mangostana pericarp extract as an eco‐friendly alternative for managing fruit rot, particularly that caused by F. oxysporum .
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Eight of 48 plant extracts significantly inhibited F. oxysporum mycelial growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- plant extractse1
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume1pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitione1
- Value
- Eight out of 48e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Eight out of 48 plant extracts exhibited significant inhibition of F. oxysporum mycelial growth”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract of Garcinia mangostana pericarp significantly suppressed F. oxysporum conidial germination compared with controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracts of Garcinia mangostana pericarpe3
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- conidial germinatione3
- Direction
- suppressede3
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Eight out of 48 plant extracts exhibited significant inhibition of F. oxysporum mycelial growth”
e3“ethanolic extracts of Garcinia mangostana pericarp and Averrhoa bilimbi fruit significantly suppressed conidial germination compared to the controls”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit significantly suppressed F. oxysporum conidial germination compared with controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Averrhoa bilimbi fruite3
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- conidial germinatione3
- Direction
- suppressede3
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Eight out of 48 plant extracts exhibited significant inhibition of F. oxysporum mycelial growth”
e3“ethanolic extracts of Garcinia mangostana pericarp and Averrhoa bilimbi fruit significantly suppressed conidial germination compared to the controls”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract reduced disease severity of inoculated tomato fruit at different concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- G. mangostana pericarp extracte2
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“When applied to inoculated tomato fruits, both extracts, at different concentrations, effectively reduced disease severity”
e2“G. mangostana pericarp extract at 100 mg/mL demonstrated comparable efficacy to the commercial fungicide carbendazim in suppressing fruit rot symptoms”
e1“Eight out of 48 plant extracts exhibited significant inhibition of F. oxysporum mycelial growth”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract reduced disease severity of inoculated tomato fruit at different concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Averrhoa bilimbi fruite3
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“When applied to inoculated tomato fruits, both extracts, at different concentrations, effectively reduced disease severity”
e3“ethanolic extracts of Garcinia mangostana pericarp and Averrhoa bilimbi fruit significantly suppressed conidial germination compared to the controls”
e1“Eight out of 48 plant extracts exhibited significant inhibition of F. oxysporum mycelial growth”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
G. mangostana pericarp extract at 100 mg/mL gave efficacy comparable to carbendazim in suppressing fruit rot symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- G. mangostana pericarp extract at 100 mg/mLe2
- Outcome
- fruit rot symptomse2
- Direction
- comparablee2
- Comparator
- commercial fungicide carbendazime2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“G. mangostana pericarp extract at 100 mg/mL demonstrated comparable efficacy to the commercial fungicide carbendazim in suppressing fruit rot symptoms”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with G. mangostana extract gave tomatoes with the lowest colour change.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatment with G. mangostana extracte5
- Outcome
- colour changee5
- Direction
- loweste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“treatment with G. mangostana extract resulted in tomatoes with the lowest colour change (∆ E *), reduced sweetness, and highest firmness”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with G. mangostana extract gave tomatoes with reduced sweetness.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatment with G. mangostana extracte5
- Outcome
- sweetnesse5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“treatment with G. mangostana extract resulted in tomatoes with the lowest colour change (∆ E *), reduced sweetness, and highest firmness”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with G. mangostana extract gave tomatoes with the highest firmness.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatment with G. mangostana extracte5
- Outcome
- firmnesse5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“treatment with G. mangostana extract resulted in tomatoes with the lowest colour change (∆ E *), reduced sweetness, and highest firmness”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The most effective treatments reduced fruit rot severity to varying degrees depending on treatment and pathogen (F. proliferatum, C. gloeosporioides, L. theobromae).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- most effective treatmentse6
- Interactor
- F. proliferatumFusarium proliferatume6pathogen
- Second interactor
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Colletotrichum gloeosporioidese6pathogen - Outcome
- disease severity reductione7
- Qualifier
- Lasiodiplodia theobromaee6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“the most effective treatments were also evaluated in vivo against other fruit rot pathogens, namely F. proliferatum , Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , and Lasiodiplodia theobromae”
e7“These trials showed varying levels of disease severity reduction depending on the treatment and pathogen”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract has potential as an alternative for managing fruit rot.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- managing fruit rote1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“alternative for managing fruit rot, particularly that caused by F. oxysporum”
t0“fruit rot in tomato”
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