Abstract
Cocoa-based agroforestry systems (AFS) are a key strategy for strengthening agronomic and economic sustainability in tropical regions; therefore, comprehensive knowledge of their structure and performance is essential. This study characterized 12 cocoa-based agroforestry plots in the Utcubamba province, Amazonas (Peru), through an integrated field assessment that included tree inventory and structural measurements, soil laboratory analysis, pest and disease surveys, and economic evaluation. Tree diversity and structure revealed functionally differentiated communities, reflected in Shannon index values of H′ = 2.24, canopy cover exceeding 60%, and importance value indices (IVI) highlighting dominant species such as Calycophyllum spruceanum (16.79%) and Laurus nobilis (15.64%), which contribute to microclimatic regulation and system resilience. Soil analyses showed strong correlations among soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic matter (SOM), and total nitrogen (N) (r > 0.95), emphasizing the role of organic matter management in improving soil quality and crop productivity, with SOC ranging from 1.91% to 3.89%, SOM from 3.30% to 6.71%, and total N from 1.65% to 3.35%. Pest incidence exhibited low or insignificant correlations with soil parameters (r ≤ 0.32) and generally moderate levels, suggesting a stronger influence of management practices and shade structure. Economically, the systems showed an average annual net benefit of USD 2,616.91 per hectare per year and a benefit–cost ratio of 2.30, indicating positive economic performance. Overall, cocoa-based AFS function as productive systems capable of maintaining agronomic performance while generating economic profitability under the evaluated conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Shannon index H′ = 2.24 was measured in cocoa agroforestry tree communities.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.
Theobroma cacaot0 - Outcome
- Shannon indexe1
- Value
- H′ = 2.24e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e1“Shannon index values of H′ = 2.24, canopy cover exceeding 60%”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy cover exceeded 60% in cocoa agroforestry plots.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- canopy covere1
- Value
- exceeding 60%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e1“Shannon index values of H′ = 2.24, canopy cover exceeding 60%”
Claim · model-written summary
Calycophyllum spruceanum had an importance value index of 16.79% in cocoa agroforestry plots.
- Taxon
- Calycophyllum spruceanum
Calycophyllum spruceanume2 - Outcome
- importance value indices (IVI)e2
- Value
- 16.79%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e2“importance value indices (IVI) highlighting dominant species such as Calycophyllum spruceanum (16.79%) and Laurus nobilis (15.64%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Laurus nobilis had an importance value index of 15.64% in cocoa agroforestry plots.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilis
Laurus nobilise2 - Outcome
- importance value indices (IVI)e2
- Value
- 15.64%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e2“importance value indices (IVI) highlighting dominant species such as Calycophyllum spruceanum (16.79%) and Laurus nobilis (15.64%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon, soil organic matter and total nitrogen were strongly correlated (r > 0.95) in cocoa agroforestry soils.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Compound
- total nitrogen (N)e3
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic matter (SOM), and total nitrogen (N)e3
- Value
- r > 0.95e3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e3“Soil analyses showed strong correlations among soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic matter (SOM), and total nitrogen (N) (r > 0.95)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon ranged from 1.91% to 3.89% across cocoa agroforestry plots.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- SOCe4
- Value
- 1.91% to 3.89%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e4“with SOC ranging from 1.91% to 3.89%, SOM from 3.30% to 6.71%, and total N from 1.65% to 3.35%”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter ranged from 3.30% to 6.71% across cocoa agroforestry plots.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- SOMe4
- Value
- 3.30% to 6.71%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e4“with SOC ranging from 1.91% to 3.89%, SOM from 3.30% to 6.71%, and total N from 1.65% to 3.35%”
Claim · model-written summary
Total nitrogen ranged from 1.65% to 3.35% across cocoa agroforestry plots.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- total Ne4
- Value
- 1.65% to 3.35%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e4“with SOC ranging from 1.91% to 3.89%, SOM from 3.30% to 6.71%, and total N from 1.65% to 3.35%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pest incidence was weakly or not significantly correlated with soil parameters (r ≤ 0.32) in cocoa agroforestry plots.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- Pest incidencee5
- Value
- r ≤ 0.32e5
- Comparator
- soil parameterse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e5“Pest incidence exhibited low or insignificant correlations with soil parameters (r ≤ 0.32) and generally moderate levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Pest incidence in cocoa agroforestry plots was generally at moderate levels.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- Pest incidencee5
- Qualifier
- generally moderate levelse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e5“Pest incidence exhibited low or insignificant correlations with soil parameters (r ≤ 0.32) and generally moderate levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The cocoa agroforestry systems had an average annual net benefit of USD 2,616.91 per hectare per year.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- average annual net benefite6
- Value
- USD 2,616.91 per hectare per yeare6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e6“an average annual net benefit of USD 2,616.91 per hectare per year”
Claim · model-written summary
The cocoa agroforestry systems had a benefit–cost ratio of 2.30.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao L.Theobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- benefit–cost ratioe7
- Value
- 2.30e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e7“a benefit–cost ratio of 2.30”