Abstract
• An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants. • Different plant growth regulators influenced somatic embryogenesis. • Histological analysis confirmed indirect somatic embryogenesis of C. pilosula. • Flow cytometry verified genetic fidelity of regenerated plants in comparison with mother plants. • The study enables scalable production of genetically uniform C. pilosula plants. This study developed a feasible in vitro regeneration approach for C. pilosula through indirect somatic embryogenesis using leaf explants. Different growth regulators’ effect on somatic embryo initiation, maturation, and conversion were systematically evaluated. In addition, chlorophyll level, chlorophyll fluorescence content, genetic fidelity, and Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) profiles of the regenerated plants were compared to those of commercial roots. Somatic embryo induction was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media complemented with 2.0 mg l -1 2,4-D. The progression of the somatic embryos from globular to heart shaped, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages depicted by distinct shoot and root meristems was most effectively enhanced by 1.0 mg l -1 ABA. Cotyledonary embryos showed a high germination rate (86 %) when grown on full strength MS media devoid of additional growth regulators. Regenerated plantlets with fully developed shoots and roots exhibited a 100 % survival rate during acclimatization on agricultural soil and perlite mixture (2:1). Histological observations validated the distinct morphogenetic phases of somatic embryos, while genetic stability analysis confirmed that regenerated plants retained the same ploidy level as the mother plants, indicating genetic stability. Additionally, chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic performance of regenerated plants were equivalent to those of mother plants. FT-NIR also showed similar chemical spectra between the roots and leaves. Overall, this optimized in vitro system provides a rapid, reliable, and scalable approach for mass production of genetically uniform C. pilosula plants to meet growing demand.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Somatic embryo induction in Codonopsis pilosula was observed on MS medium complemented with 2.0 mg l -1 2,4-D.
- Taxon
- Codonopsis pilosula
Codonopsis pilosulae1 - Treatment
- 2.0 mg l -1 2,4-De2
- Outcome
- Somatic embryo inductione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants”
e2“Somatic embryo induction was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media complemented with 2.0 mg l -1 2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Progression of somatic embryos from globular to cotyledonary stages was most effectively enhanced by 1.0 mg l -1 ABA.
- Taxon
- Codonopsis pilosulaCodonopsis pilosulae1
- Organ / stage
- somatic embryose3
- Treatment
- 1.0 mg l -1 ABAe3
- Outcome
- The progression of the somatic embryos from globular to heart shaped, torpedo, and cotyledonary stagese3
- Direction
- most effectively enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants”
e3“The progression of the somatic embryos from globular to heart shaped, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages depicted by distinct shoot and root meristems was most effectively enhanced by 1.0 mg l -1 ABA”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotyledonary embryos of Codonopsis pilosula showed a high germination rate (86 %) on full strength MS medium without added growth regulators.
- Taxon
- Codonopsis pilosulaCodonopsis pilosulae1
- Organ / stage
- Cotyledonary embryose4
- Treatment
- full strength MS media devoid of additional growth regulatorse4
- Outcome
- germination ratee4
- Value
- 86 %e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants”
e4“Cotyledonary embryos showed a high germination rate (86 %) when grown on full strength MS media devoid of additional growth regulators”
Claim · model-written summary
Regenerated Codonopsis pilosula plantlets exhibited a 100 % survival rate during acclimatization on agricultural soil and perlite mixture.
- Taxon
- Codonopsis pilosulaCodonopsis pilosulae1
- Treatment
- acclimatization on agricultural soil and perlite mixture (2:1)e5
- Outcome
- survival ratee5
- Value
- 100 %e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants”
e5“Regenerated plantlets with fully developed shoots and roots exhibited a 100 % survival rate during acclimatization on agricultural soil and perlite mixture (2:1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Histological analysis confirmed indirect somatic embryogenesis in Codonopsis pilosula.
- Taxon
- C. pilosulaCodonopsis pilosulae6
- Outcome
- indirect somatic embryogenesise6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Histological analysis confirmed indirect somatic embryogenesis of C. pilosula”
Claim · model-written summary
Regenerated Codonopsis pilosula plants retained the same ploidy level as the mother plants.
- Taxon
- Codonopsis pilosulaCodonopsis pilosulae1
- Outcome
- ploidy levele7
- Comparator
- mother plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants”
e7“genetic stability analysis confirmed that regenerated plants retained the same ploidy level as the mother plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic performance of regenerated Codonopsis pilosula plants were equivalent to those of mother plants.
- Taxon
- Codonopsis pilosulaCodonopsis pilosulae1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic performancee2
- Comparator
- mother plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants”
e2“chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic performance of regenerated plants were equivalent to those of mother plants”
Claim · model-written summary
FT-NIR profiles showed similar chemical spectra between the roots and leaves of Codonopsis pilosula.
- Taxon
- Codonopsis pilosulaCodonopsis pilosulae1
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese2
- Outcome
- chemical spectrae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants”
e2“FT-NIR also showed similar chemical spectra between the roots and leaves”