Abstract
Background: Cotton, a major global fibre and oilseed crop, is significantly affected by foliar diseases like target leaf spot, causing substantial yield losses. Due to concerns over chemical control, endophytic bacteria offer a sustainable alternative by suppressing pathogens through multiple biocontrol mechanisms. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of bacterial endophytes against target leaf spot of cotton under in vitro and field conditions and to identify the most effective endophyte for the eco-friendly management of the disease. Study Design: All the laboratory experiments were conducted using a Completely Randomized Design(CRD) and field experiment was laid out using a Randomized Block Design (RBD). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Cotton, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. August 2023- December 2025. Methodology: The target leaf spot pathogen was isolated by tissue isolation method and confirmed as Corynespora cassiicola through morphological and molecular characterization. The efficacy of bacterial endophytes against C. cassiicola was evaluated by dual culture technique. The effect of the most effective endophyte namely B. amyloliquefaciens on mycelial growth of observed through Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis. The lipopeptide antibiotic genes present in the effective entophytes was identified by PCR amplification using gene specific primers. Furthermore, glass house and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of effective endophytes against target leaf spot of cotton. Results: A total of 10 bacterial endophytes were screened for their antifungal potential against C. cassiicola by dual culture technique under in vitro conditions. Among these, Bacillus amylolquefaciens stand out as a superior endophyte in inhibiting growth of the C. cassiicola by 72.0 per cent. This was followed by B. safensis, B. megaterium and B. subtilis which repressed the growth by 69.1, 68.8 and 64.1 per cent respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopic observation revealed the hyphae of C. cassiicola exhibited morphological abnormalities such as shrinkage, disintegration and lysis when co cultured along with B. amylolquefaciens. The lipopeptide antibiotics genes such as surfactin, iturin and fengycin were detected in B. amylolquefaciens through PCR amplication using gene specific primers. Foliar application of liquid formulation of B. amylolquefaciens @0.5 % twice first at 45 DAS and second at 60 DAS was found to be promising in suppressing the target leaf spot incidence and increasing the yield under both glass house and field conditions. This treatment also promoted the growth by enhancing the root and shoot length of cotton under glass house conditions. Our results demonstrated that, B. amylolquefaciens could be used as an eco-friendly alternative to chemicals for the sustainable management of target leaf spot in cotton.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus amylolquefaciens inhibited C. cassiicola growth by 72.0 per cent in vitro.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Bacillus amylolquefaciense0
- Interactor
- C. cassiicola
Corynespora cassiicolae0pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacillus amylolquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth of the C. cassiicolae0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 72.0 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus amylolquefaciens stand out as a superior endophyte in inhibiting growth of the C. cassiicola by 72.0 per cent.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. safensis repressed C. cassiicola growth by 69.1 per cent.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. safensise0
- Interactor
- B. safensisBacillus safensise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- repressede0
- Value
- 69.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was followed by B. safensis, B. megaterium and B. subtilis which repressed the growth by 69.1, 68.8 and 64.1 per cent respectively.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. megaterium repressed C. cassiicola growth by 68.8 per cent.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. megateriume0
- Interactor
- B. megaterium
Priestia megateriume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- repressede0
- Value
- 68.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was followed by B. safensis, B. megaterium and B. subtilis which repressed the growth by 69.1, 68.8 and 64.1 per cent respectively.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis repressed C. cassiicola growth by 64.1 per cent.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- repressede0
- Value
- 64.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was followed by B. safensis, B. megaterium and B. subtilis which repressed the growth by 69.1, 68.8 and 64.1 per cent respectively.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
C. cassiicola hyphae showed shrinkage, disintegration and lysis during coculture with B. amylolquefaciens.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- co cultured along with B. amylolquefaciense0
- Interactor
- C. cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. amylolquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- hyphae of C. cassiicola exhibited morphological abnormalities such as shrinkage, disintegration and lysise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the hyphae of C. cassiicola exhibited morphological abnormalities such as shrinkage, disintegration and lysis when co cultured along with B. amylolquefaciens.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactin, iturin and fengycin genes were detected in B. amylolquefaciens.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Interactor
- B. amylolquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- surfactin, iturin and fengycine0
- Outcome
- surfactin, iturin and fengycin were detectede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lipopeptide antibiotics genes such as surfactin, iturin and fengycin were detected in B. amylolquefaciens through PCR amplication using gene specific primers.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar B. amylolquefaciens at 0.5% twice suppressed target leaf spot incidence in glasshouse and field conditions.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of liquid formulation of B. amylolquefaciens @0.5 % twice first at 45 DAS and second at 60 DASe0
- Interactor
- B. amylolquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- target leaf spot incidencee0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
- Setting
- glass house and field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of liquid formulation of B. amylolquefaciens @0.5 % twice first at 45 DAS and second at 60 DAS was found to be promising in suppressing the target leaf spot incidence and increasing the yield under both glass house and field conditions.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar B. amylolquefaciens at 0.5% twice increased yield in glasshouse and field conditions.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of liquid formulation of B. amylolquefaciens @0.5 % twice first at 45 DAS and second at 60 DASe0
- Interactor
- B. amylolquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Setting
- glass house and field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of liquid formulation of B. amylolquefaciens @0.5 % twice first at 45 DAS and second at 60 DAS was found to be promising in suppressing the target leaf spot incidence and increasing the yield under both glass house and field conditions.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The foliar treatment increased cotton root and shoot length under glasshouse conditions.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Setting
- glass house conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also promoted the growth by enhancing the root and shoot length of cotton under glass house conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend B. amylolquefaciens as an alternative to chemicals for cotton target leaf spot management.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- B. amylolquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- sustainable management of target leaf spote0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. amylolquefaciens could be used as an eco-friendly alternative to chemicals for the sustainable management of target leaf spot in cotton.”
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