Abstract
Humulus lupulus L. (hops), belonging to the Cannabaceae family, is grown mainly for brewing, with 98% of global production directed to this sector. Moreover, large volumes of female cone residues are generated as by-products, representing a valuable source of bioactive compounds that can be valorized under green chemistry principles. This study aimed to extract bioactive compounds from hop cone residues sourced from craft breweries using ultrasound-assisted (EH-UA) and microwave-assisted (EH-MA) extraction methods. Hydroalcoholic extracts (70%) were analyzed for chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, nitric oxide (NO)-production inhibition, and photoprotective activities. GC-MS identified 32 compounds in EH-MA and 30 in EH-UA, including terpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids. Both extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in cell-based (TBARS, OxHLIA) and chemical (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) assays, particularly EH-MA. Significant antibacterial activity was observed, especially against Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 1–10 mg/mL), as well as antifungal activity against Aspergillus brasiliensis (MIC 2–2.5 mg/mL). Selective antiproliferative activity was observed against tumor cell lines Caco-2 and MCF-7 (GI50 25 μg/mL), without cytotoxicity toward nontumor cell lines Vero and PLP2 (GI50 > 400 μg/mL). All extracts inhibited the production of the inflammation mediator NO, with EH-MA showing the most potent effect (IC50 of 35 μg/mL), followed by EH-UA (IC50 of 55 μg/mL). Photoprotective potential was also demonstrated, with SPF values of 19 (EH-MA) and 18 (EH-UA). In conclusion, hop cone residues can yield multifunctional extracts with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective activities, which support their sustainable upcycling for pharmacological, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Microwave-assisted extraction identified 32 compounds in hop cone residues.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulus
Humulus lupulust0 - Organ / stage
- Cone Residuet0
- Treatment
- EH-MAe0
- Outcome
- compoundse0
- Value
- 32 compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC-MS identified 32 compounds in EH-MA and 30 in EH-UA”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound-assisted extraction identified 30 compounds in hop cone residues.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Organ / stage
- Cone Residuet0
- Treatment
- EH-UAe0
- Outcome
- compoundse0
- Value
- 30e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC-MS identified 32 compounds in EH-MA and 30 in EH-UA”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
Identified compounds included terpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and fatty acids.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Outcome
- terpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and fatty acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including terpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
Both extracts had strong antioxidant activity, particularly the microwave extract.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Outcome
- strong antioxidant activitye0
- Comparator
- EH-MAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in cell-based (TBARS, OxHLIA) and chemical (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) assays, particularly EH-MA”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts had antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at MIC 1–10 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Outcome
- antibacterial activitye0
- Value
- MIC 1–10 mg/mLe0
- Qualifier
- Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant antibacterial activity was observed, especially against Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 1–10 mg/mL)”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts inhibited Aspergillus brasiliensis at MIC 2–2.5 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Outcome
- antifungal activity against Aspergillus brasiliensise0
- Value
- MIC 2–2.5 mg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antifungal activity against Aspergillus brasiliensis (MIC 2–2.5 mg/mL)”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts showed antiproliferative activity against Caco-2 and MCF-7 tumor cells at GI50 25 μg/mL.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Outcome
- antiproliferative activitye0
- Value
- GI50 25 μg/mLe0
- Qualifier
- tumor cell lines Caco-2 and MCF-7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Selective antiproliferative activity was observed against tumor cell lines Caco-2 and MCF-7 (GI50 25 μg/mL)”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts were not cytotoxic toward Vero and PLP2 cells at GI50 above 400 μg/mL.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Outcome
- without cytotoxicitye0
- Value
- GI50 > 400 μg/mLe0
- Qualifier
- nontumor cell lines Vero and PLP2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without cytotoxicity toward nontumor cell lines Vero and PLP2 (GI50 > 400 μg/mL)”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
The microwave extract inhibited NO production with IC50 35 μg/mL.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Treatment
- EH-MAe0
- Outcome
- production of the inflammation mediator NOe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- IC50 of 35 μg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All extracts inhibited the production of the inflammation mediator NO, with EH-MA showing the most potent effect (IC50 of 35 μg/mL), followed by EH-UA (IC50 of 55 μg/mL)”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
The ultrasound extract inhibited NO production with IC50 55 μg/mL.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Treatment
- EH-UAe0
- Outcome
- production of the inflammation mediator NOe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- IC50 of 55 μg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All extracts inhibited the production of the inflammation mediator NO, with EH-MA showing the most potent effect (IC50 of 35 μg/mL), followed by EH-UA (IC50 of 55 μg/mL)”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
The microwave extract showed an SPF of 19.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Treatment
- EH-MAe0
- Outcome
- SPF valuese0
- Value
- 19e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photoprotective potential was also demonstrated, with SPF values of 19 (EH-MA) and 18 (EH-UA)”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”
Claim · model-written summary
The ultrasound extract showed an SPF of 18.
- Taxon
- Humulus lupulusHumulus lupulust0
- Treatment
- EH-UAe0
- Outcome
- SPF valuese0
- Value
- 18e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photoprotective potential was also demonstrated, with SPF values of 19 (EH-MA) and 18 (EH-UA)”
t0“Hop (Humulus lupulus) Cone Residue”