Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) are among the most destructive pests affecting cucumber production, causing significant reductions in plant growth and yield. This study investigated the efficacy of chitosan-based soil amendments, alone and in combination with hot or cold jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) leaf extracts and leaf powder, in suppressing nematode infestation and enhancing cucumber vegetative growth under greenhouse conditions. Treatments were evaluated for their impact on nematode reproduction, including egg masses, eggs per egg mass, second-stage juveniles (J2s), female numbers, and gall formation, as well as on plant growth parameters such as height, leaf number, and fresh and dry biomass. Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively, while hot water extract reduced them by 44.10%, 54.18%, and 50.48%. Cold extract was less effective, with reductions of 31.36%, 48.29%, and 40.31%, whereas leaf powder alone caused reductions of 44.20%, 54.60%, and 45.00%. Combined applications exhibited higher efficacy: hot extract + chitosan reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 61.64%, 59.45%, and 55.57%, leaf powder + chitosan by 64.38%, 60.70%, and 60.71%, and the triple treatment (leaf powder + chitosan + hot extract) achieved the highest suppression, reducing egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 75.90%, 74.66%, and 69.22%, respectively. All treatments significantly enhanced cucumber growth compared with the naturally infested control. The triple treatment increased plant height by 38.5%, leaf number by 42.1%, fresh shoot biomass by 46.3%, and dry shoot biomass by 44.8%. Single treatments also improved growth, though to a lesser extent, reflecting a synergistic effect of chitosan and jojoba-derived amendments. These findings demonstrate that integrating biopolymer-based amendments with plant-derived bioactive compounds can simultaneously suppress root-knot nematode populations and promote cucumber growth. This study provides a solid basis for developing sustainable and eco-friendly integrated pest management strategies that reduce reliance on chemical nematicides.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan alone reduced egg masses of Meloidogyne incognita by 43.83% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- Cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- Chitosan alonee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae1pest - Outcome
- egg massese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 43.83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan alone reduced eggs per egg mass of Meloidogyne incognita by 56.35% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Chitosan alonee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- eggs per egg masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 56.35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan alone reduced J2s of Meloidogyne incognita by 50.63% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Chitosan alonee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- J2se0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50.63%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
hot water extract reduced egg masses of Meloidogyne incognita by 44.10% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- hot water extracte0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- egg massese2
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 44.10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hot water extract reduced them by 44.10%, 54.18%, and 50.48%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
hot water extract reduced eggs per egg mass of Meloidogyne incognita by 54.18% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- hot water extracte0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- eggs per egg masse2
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 54.18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hot water extract reduced them by 44.10%, 54.18%, and 50.48%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
hot water extract reduced J2s of Meloidogyne incognita by 50.48% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- hot water extracte0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- J2se2
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50.48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hot water extract reduced them by 44.10%, 54.18%, and 50.48%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold extract reduced egg masses of Meloidogyne incognita by 31.36% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Cold extracte0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- egg massese2
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 31.36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold extract was less effective, with reductions of 31.36%, 48.29%, and 40.31%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold extract reduced eggs per egg mass of Meloidogyne incognita by 48.29% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Cold extracte0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- eggs per egg masse2
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 48.29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold extract was less effective, with reductions of 31.36%, 48.29%, and 40.31%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold extract reduced J2s of Meloidogyne incognita by 40.31% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Cold extracte0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- J2se2
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 40.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold extract was less effective, with reductions of 31.36%, 48.29%, and 40.31%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
leaf powder alone reduced egg masses of Meloidogyne incognita by 44.20% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- leaf powder alonee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- egg massese2
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 44.20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf powder alone caused reductions of 44.20%, 54.60%, and 45.00%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
leaf powder alone reduced eggs per egg mass of Meloidogyne incognita by 54.60% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- leaf powder alonee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- eggs per egg masse2
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 54.60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf powder alone caused reductions of 44.20%, 54.60%, and 45.00%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
leaf powder alone reduced J2s of Meloidogyne incognita by 45.00% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- leaf powder alonee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- J2se2
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 45.00%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf powder alone caused reductions of 44.20%, 54.60%, and 45.00%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
hot extract + chitosan reduced egg masses of Meloidogyne incognita by 61.64% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- hot extract + chitosane0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- egg massese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 61.64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hot extract + chitosan reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 61.64%, 59.45%, and 55.57%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
hot extract + chitosan reduced eggs per egg mass of Meloidogyne incognita by 59.45% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- hot extract + chitosane0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- eggs per egg masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 59.45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hot extract + chitosan reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 61.64%, 59.45%, and 55.57%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
hot extract + chitosan reduced J2s of Meloidogyne incognita by 55.57% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- hot extract + chitosane0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- J2se0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55.57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hot extract + chitosan reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 61.64%, 59.45%, and 55.57%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
leaf powder + chitosan reduced egg masses of Meloidogyne incognita by 64.38% in cucumber.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- leaf powder + chitosane0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Outcome
- egg massese2
- Value
- 64.38%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf powder + chitosan by 64.38%, 60.70%, and 60.71%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Chitosan alone reduced egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and J2s by 43.83%, 56.35%, and 50.63%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple treatment increased cucumber plant height by 38.5%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- leaf powder + chitosan + hot extracte1
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The triple treatment increased plant height by 38.5%, leaf number by 42.1%, fresh shoot biomass by 46.3%, and dry shoot biomass by 44.8%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“leaf powder + chitosan + hot extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple treatment increased cucumber leaf number by 42.1%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- leaf powder + chitosan + hot extracte1
- Outcome
- leaf numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The triple treatment increased plant height by 38.5%, leaf number by 42.1%, fresh shoot biomass by 46.3%, and dry shoot biomass by 44.8%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“leaf powder + chitosan + hot extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple treatment increased cucumber fresh shoot biomass by 46.3%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- leaf powder + chitosan + hot extracte1
- Outcome
- fresh shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The triple treatment increased plant height by 38.5%, leaf number by 42.1%, fresh shoot biomass by 46.3%, and dry shoot biomass by 44.8%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“leaf powder + chitosan + hot extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple treatment increased cucumber dry shoot biomass by 44.8%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- leaf powder + chitosan + hot extracte1
- Outcome
- dry shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The triple treatment increased plant height by 38.5%, leaf number by 42.1%, fresh shoot biomass by 46.3%, and dry shoot biomass by 44.8%”
t0“Cucumber”
e1“leaf powder + chitosan + hot extract”
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