Abstract
The phytotoxicity and eco-compatibility of essential oils (EOs) from Eucalyptus gunnii (EG) and E. pulverulenta ‘Baby Blue’ (EP), cultivated in Italy for their cut foliage, were investigated. Leaf micromorphology, EOs phytochemical characterization, and phytotoxicity were analysed. EP revealed a significantly higher oil gland density and a higher EO yield with respect to EG. In both EOs, 1,8-cineole was the major compound (~75%), followed by α-pinene in EG (13.1%) and eugenol in EP (7.5%). EO phytotoxicity was tested on both weeds (Lolium multiflorum, Portulaca oleracea) and crops (Raphanus sativus, Lactuca sativa, Lepidium sativum, Solanum lycopersicum, Pisum sativum, Cucumis sativus). EG EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea, R. sativus, and S. lycopersicum seeds (ranging from 61.5 to 94.6% for the higher dose used), while affecting only radical elongation in S. lycopersicum (ranging from 66.7 to 82.6%). EP EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea and R. sativus (ranging from 41.3 to 74.7%) and affected radical elongation of L. sativum and L. multiflorum (ranging from 57.4 to 76.0%). None of the EOs affected the germination and radical growing of L. sativa, P. sativum, and C. sativus. Moreover, EP EO was more active than EG EO in inhibiting α-amylase, a key enzyme for seed growth regulation. Brine shrimp lethality assay showed that both EOs are safe for aquatic organisms, suggesting their high eco-compatibility. The data collected provide useful information for future applications of these EOs in agriculture as safe and selective bioherbicides.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
E. pulverulenta had significantly greater oil gland density than E. gunnii.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus pulverulenta
_-_DSC03263.JPG?width=60)
Eucalyptus pulverulentat0 - Outcome
- oil gland densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- EGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_DSC03263.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“EP revealed a significantly higher oil gland density and a higher EO yield with respect to EG.”
t0“Eucalyptus pulverulenta”
Claim · model-written summary
E. pulverulenta had higher essential oil yield than E. gunnii.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus pulverulentaEucalyptus pulverulentat0
- Outcome
- EO yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- EGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EP revealed a significantly higher oil gland density and a higher EO yield with respect to EG.”
t0“Eucalyptus pulverulenta”
Claim · model-written summary
1,8-cineole was the major compound in both Eucalyptus essential oils.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus
.jpg?width=60)
Eucalyptust0 - Outcome
- 1,8-cineolee0
- Value
- ~75%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In both EOs, 1,8-cineole was the major compound (~75%)”
t0“Eucalyptus gunnii and Eucalyptus pulverulenta”
Claim · model-written summary
Alpha-pinene followed the major oil constituent in E. gunnii.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus gunnii
Eucalyptus gunniit0 - Outcome
- α-pinenee0
- Value
- 13.1%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by α-pinene in EG (13.1%)”
t0“Eucalyptus gunnii”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol followed the major oil constituent in E. pulverulenta.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus pulverulentaEucalyptus pulverulentat0
- Outcome
- eugenole0
- Value
- 7.5%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and eugenol in EP (7.5%)”
t0“Eucalyptus pulverulenta”
Claim · model-written summary
EG oil inhibited P. oleracea seed germination.
- Taxon
- P. oleracea
Portulaca oleraceae0 - Treatment
- EG EOe0
- Outcome
- germination of P. oleraceae0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- ranging from 61.5 to 94.6%e0
- Qualifier
- for the higher dose usede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EG EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea, R. sativus, and S. lycopersicum seeds (ranging from 61.5 to 94.6% for the higher dose used)”
Claim · model-written summary
EG oil inhibited R. sativus seed germination.
- Taxon
- R. sativus
Raphanus sativuse0 - Treatment
- EG EOe0
- Outcome
- germination of P. oleracea, R. sativus, and S. lycopersicum seedse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- ranging from 61.5 to 94.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EG EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea, R. sativus, and S. lycopersicum seeds (ranging from 61.5 to 94.6% for the higher dose used)”
Claim · model-written summary
EG oil inhibited S. lycopersicum seed germination.
- Taxon
- S. lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- EG EOe0
- Outcome
- S. lycopersicum seedse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- ranging from 61.5 to 94.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EG EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea, R. sativus, and S. lycopersicum seeds (ranging from 61.5 to 94.6% for the higher dose used)”
Claim · model-written summary
EG oil inhibited S. lycopersicum radicle elongation.
- Taxon
- S. lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- EG EOe1
- Outcome
- radical elongatione0
- Direction
- affectinge0
- Value
- ranging from 66.7 to 82.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while affecting only radical elongation in S. lycopersicum (ranging from 66.7 to 82.6%)”
t0“Essential Oils”
e1“EG EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea, R. sativus, and S. lycopersicum seeds (ranging from 61.5 to 94.6% for the higher dose used)”
Claim · model-written summary
EP oil inhibited P. oleracea germination.
- Taxon
- P. oleraceaPortulaca oleraceae0
- Treatment
- EP EOe0
- Outcome
- germination of P. oleraceae0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- ranging from 41.3 to 74.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EP EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea and R. sativus (ranging from 41.3 to 74.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
EP oil inhibited R. sativus germination.
- Taxon
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- EP EOe0
- Outcome
- R. sativuse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- ranging from 41.3 to 74.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EP EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea and R. sativus (ranging from 41.3 to 74.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
EP oil affected L. sativum radicle elongation.
- Taxon
- L. sativum
Lepidium sativume0 - Treatment
- EP EOe0
- Outcome
- radical elongation of L. sativume0
- Direction
- affectede0
- Value
- ranging from 57.4 to 76.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EP EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea and R. sativus (ranging from 41.3 to 74.7%) and affected radical elongation of L. sativum and L. multiflorum (ranging from 57.4 to 76.0%)”
Claim · model-written summary
EP oil affected L. multiflorum radicle elongation.
- Taxon
- L. multiflorum
Lolium multiflorume0 - Treatment
- EP EOe0
- Outcome
- radical elongation of L. sativum and L. multiflorume0
- Direction
- affectede0
- Value
- ranging from 57.4 to 76.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EP EO inhibited germination of P. oleracea and R. sativus (ranging from 41.3 to 74.7%) and affected radical elongation of L. sativum and L. multiflorum (ranging from 57.4 to 76.0%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither oil affected germination or radicle growth of L. sativa.
- Taxon
- L. sativa
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- EOse0
- Outcome
- germination and radical growinge0
- Direction
- None of the EOs affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the EOs affected the germination and radical growing of L. sativa, P. sativum, and C. sativus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither oil affected germination or radicle growth of P. sativum.
- Taxon
- P. sativum
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- EOse0
- Outcome
- germination and radical growinge0
- Direction
- None of the EOs affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the EOs affected the germination and radical growing of L. sativa, P. sativum, and C. sativus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither oil affected germination or radicle growth of C. sativus.
- Taxon
- C. sativus
Cucumis sativuse0 - Treatment
- EOse0
- Outcome
- germination and radical growinge0
- Direction
- None of the EOs affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the EOs affected the germination and radical growing of L. sativa, P. sativum, and C. sativus.”
Claim · model-written summary
EP oil inhibited alpha-amylase more than EG oil.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus pulverulentaEucalyptus pulverulentat0
- Treatment
- EP EOe0
- Gene
- α-amylasee0
- Outcome
- α-amylasee0
- Direction
- more activee0
- Comparator
- EG EOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EP EO was more active than EG EO in inhibiting α-amylase”
t0“Eucalyptus pulverulenta”
Claim · model-written summary
Both oils were safe for brine shrimp in a lethality assay.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Outcome
- safe for aquatic organismse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brine shrimp lethality assay showed that both EOs are safe for aquatic organisms”
t0“Eucalyptus gunnii and Eucalyptus pulverulenta”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest the oils as selective agricultural bioherbicides.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Outcome
- safe and selective bioherbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“future applications of these EOs in agriculture as safe and selective bioherbicides”
t0“Eucalyptus gunnii and Eucalyptus pulverulenta”
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