Abstract
Seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum can increase soybean productivity through biological nitrogen fixation and phytohormone production, improving root development and nutrient and water uptake. However, post-emergence herbicides may negatively affect these bacteria. This study evaluated the effects of herbicides applied to soybean plants on A. brasilense and B. japonicum. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) using Enlist® soybean co-inoculated with both bacteria. Herbicide treatments included glyphosate, ammonium glufosinate, 2,4-D, and their mixtures, applied sequentially. Compared with the control without herbicide or inoculants, herbicide treatments increased the number of viable nodules. Glyphosate, glyphosate + glufosinate, and the triple mixture increased the number of grains and pods per plant. In parallel, laboratory assays with A. brasilense were conducted in a 3 × 5 factorial design, evaluating three herbicides at five doses (DC, 2DC, 1.5DC, ½DC, and ¼DC). These assays determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and assessed indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production under herbicide exposure alone and in mixtures. In vitro results showed growth inhibition by glyphosate and 2,4-D and reduced IAA production, especially under herbicide mixtures. Despite this sensitivity, co-inoculation did not impair nodulation or soybean productivity, indicating compatibility between herbicide application and microbial inoculation.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments increased viable nodule number compared with the uninoculated, herbicide-free control.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- number of viable nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control without herbicide or inoculantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control without herbicide or inoculants, herbicide treatments increased the number of viable nodules”
t0“soybeans”
t1“Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate increased grains and pods per soybean plant.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- number of grains and pods per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate, glyphosate + glufosinate, and the triple mixture increased the number of grains and pods per plant”
t0“soybeans”
t1“Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plus glufosinate increased grains and pods per soybean plant.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate + glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- number of grains and pods per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate, glyphosate + glufosinate, and the triple mixture increased the number of grains and pods per plant”
t0“soybeans”
t1“Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple herbicide mixture increased grains and pods per soybean plant.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- triple mixturee0
- Outcome
- number of grains and pods per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate, glyphosate + glufosinate, and the triple mixture increased the number of grains and pods per plant”
t0“soybeans”
t1“Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate inhibited A. brasilense growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum brasilense
Azospirillum brasilenset1symbiont - Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro results showed growth inhibition by glyphosate and 2,4-D”
t0“soybeans”
t1“Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D inhibited A. brasilense growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilenset1symbiont
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro results showed growth inhibition by glyphosate and 2,4-D”
t0“soybeans”
t1“Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide mixtures reduced A. brasilense IAA production in vitro.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- herbicide mixturese0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilenset1symbiont
- Outcome
- IAA productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced IAA production, especially under herbicide mixtures”
t0“soybeans”
t1“Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation did not impair soybean nodulation or productivity under herbicide application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- co-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- nodulation or soybean productivitye0
- Direction
- did not impaire0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation did not impair nodulation or soybean productivity”
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See all 123 papers →herbicide · symbiosis · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
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See all 24 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.