Abstract
This study investigated the allelopathic effects of phytochemical compounds in Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates on seedling growth of Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley) and Eleucine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (Finger millet). The A. carambola leaf extract was bio-assayed to determine the bioactivities of compounds and their phytochemical nature. In GC-MS analysis, total 19 bioactive-chemical compounds were identified the major were: Triterpenes (21.31 %), Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (14.44 %), 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (9.85 %), Gamma-Sitosterol (8.99 %) etc. Most of these suppressed the seedlings growth. In laboratory assay, effects of 3-concentrations (10 %, 20 % and 30 %) of leaf extract were determined on seed germination and seedling growth. To evaluate the allelopathic effects in nursery, 10 g, 20 g and 30 g leaf mulch was added per pot. Findings revealed dose-dependent dual allelopathic effects where low concentrations stimulated while higher concentrations acted as phytotoxic. It reduced seed germination, root length of Eleucine coracana and; shoot length and biomass of Hordeum vulgare. In pot culture, Eleucine coracana, compared to Hordeum vulgare showed more stimulation (hormesis) at lower concentrations and resistance at doses of mulch. This allelopathic tolerance in H. vulgare indicated its potential for inclusion of Averrhoa carambola in agroforestry systems. It is recommended to evaluate Averrhoa carambola for dose dependent allelopathic effects on the other important Himalayan crops under field conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS identified 19 bioactive compounds in starfruit leaf extract.
- Taxon
- Averrhoa carambola L.
Averrhoa carambolae1 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Outcome
- bioactive-chemical compoundse0
- Value
- 19e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In GC-MS analysis, total 19 bioactive-chemical compounds were identified”
e1“Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates”
Claim · model-written summary
Triterpenes constituted 21.31 % of the identified chemicals.
- Taxon
- Averrhoa carambola L.Averrhoa carambolae1
- Outcome
- Triterpenese0
- Value
- 21.31 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triterpenes (21.31 %)”
e1“Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates”
Claim · model-written summary
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate constituted 14.44 %.
- Taxon
- Averrhoa carambola L.Averrhoa carambolae1
- Outcome
- Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalatee0
- Value
- 14.44 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (14.44 %)”
e1“Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates”
Claim · model-written summary
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol constituted 9.85 %.
- Taxon
- Averrhoa carambola L.Averrhoa carambolae1
- Outcome
- 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ole0
- Value
- 9.85 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (9.85 %)”
e1“Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates”
Claim · model-written summary
Gamma-Sitosterol constituted 8.99 %.
- Taxon
- Averrhoa carambola L.Averrhoa carambolae1
- Outcome
- Gamma-Sitosterole0
- Value
- 8.99 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gamma-Sitosterol (8.99 %)”
e1“Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates”
Claim · model-written summary
Most identified chemicals suppressed seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.
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Hordeum vulgaree1 - Outcome
- seedlings growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Most of these suppressed the seedlings growth.”
e1“seedling growth of Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley) and Eleucine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (Finger millet)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low leaf-extract concentrations stimulated seedling responses.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- low concentrationse0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe1
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Comparator
- higher concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low concentrations stimulated while higher concentrations acted as phytotoxic”
e1“seedling growth of Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley) and Eleucine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (Finger millet)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher leaf-extract concentrations were phytotoxic.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- higher concentrationse0
- Outcome
- phytotoxice0
- Comparator
- low concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low concentrations stimulated while higher concentrations acted as phytotoxic”
e1“seedling growth of Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley) and Eleucine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (Finger millet)”
Claim · model-written summary
Starfruit extract reduced finger millet germination and root length.
- Taxon
- Eleucine coracanae0
- Treatment
- leaf leachatese1
- Interactor
- Averrhoa carambola L.Averrhoa carambolae1other
- Outcome
- seed germination, root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It reduced seed germination, root length of Eleucine coracana”
e1“Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates”
Claim · model-written summary
Starfruit extract reduced barley shoot length and biomass.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- leaf leachatese1
- Interactor
- Averrhoa carambola L.Averrhoa carambolae1other
- Outcome
- shoot length and biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It reduced seed germination, root length of Eleucine coracana and; shoot length and biomass of Hordeum vulgare.”
e1“Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates”
Claim · model-written summary
In pots, finger millet showed greater stimulation at low concentrations than barley.
- Taxon
- Eleucine coracanae0
- Treatment
- lower concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Averrhoa carambola L.Averrhoa carambolae1other
- Outcome
- stimulation (hormesis)e0
- Direction
- more stimulatione0
- Comparator
- Hordeum vulgaree0
- Setting
- pot culturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In pot culture, Eleucine coracana, compared to Hordeum vulgare showed more stimulation (hormesis) at lower concentrations”
e1“Averrhoa carambola L. [starfruit (family Oxalidaceae)] leaf leachates”
Claim · model-written summary
In pots, finger millet showed resistance at mulch doses relative to barley.
Verbatim
e0“In pot culture, Eleucine coracana, compared to Hordeum vulgare showed more stimulation (hormesis) at lower concentrations and resistance at doses of mulch.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested including starfruit in agroforestry systems based on barley tolerance.
- Taxon
- H. vulgareHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- inclusion of Averrhoa carambola in agroforestry systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This allelopathic tolerance in H. vulgare indicated its potential for inclusion of Averrhoa carambola in agroforestry systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend field evaluation of dose-dependent starfruit allelopathy on Himalayan crops.
Verbatim
e0“It is recommended to evaluate Averrhoa carambola for dose dependent allelopathic effects on the other important Himalayan crops under field conditions.”