Abstract
Recirculating hydroponic systems enhance water-fertilizer use efficiency in greenhouse production but are susceptible to pathogen accumulation and microbial imbalances over prolonged operation. Ozone represents a promising eco-friendly disinfection method; however, its ecological effects on nutrient solution microbiomes and crop performance remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the impact of four ozone concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 4 mg L –1 ) on microbial community composition and lettuce production in greenhouses. High-throughput sequencing and multivariate analyses were employed to explore dose-response relationships between ozone levels, lettuce growth, and microbiome dynamics. Low ozone concentrations (1–2 mg L –1 ) significantly improved lettuce yield, quality, and water-fertilizer use efficiency, while 4 mg L –1 exhibited inhibitory effects. Ozone treatment reduced bacterial richness and diversity, with the most pronounced effect occurring at mid-growth (day 20). Proteobacteria dominated the microbial communities, and Pseudomonas abundance decreased with increasing ozone concentration. Functional predictions revealed possible shifts in chemoheterotrophic groups and nitrogen-cycling-related taxa. Random forest analysis highlighted Flavihumibacter, Runella , and Cytophaga as key taxa correlated with yield and quality (R 2 = 0.595–0.938). Partial least squares path modeling suggested that ozone-induced microbial restructuring influenced variations in lettuce growth. These findings provide mechanistic insights into ozone-driven microbiome modulation and offer practical recommendations for optimizing ozone management in recirculating nutrient solution systems for soilless cultivation, promoting the sustainable application of controlled-environment agriculture under realistic conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Low ozone concentrations significantly improved lettuce yield, quality and water-fertilizer use efficiency.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- Low ozone concentrations (1–2 mg L –1 )e0
- Outcome
- lettuce yield, quality, and water-fertilizer use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low ozone concentrations (1–2 mg L –1 ) significantly improved lettuce yield, quality, and water-fertilizer use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone at 4 mg L –1 had inhibitory effects.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 4 mg L –1e0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4 mg L –1 exhibited inhibitory effects”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone reduced bacterial richness and diversity, most strongly at mid-growth.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- mid-growthe0
- Treatment
- Ozone treatmente0
- Outcome
- bacterial richness and diversitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- day 20e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ozone treatment reduced bacterial richness and diversity, with the most pronounced effect occurring at mid-growth (day 20)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteobacteria dominated nutrient-solution microbial communities.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Interactor
- ProteobacteriaPseudomonadotae0other
- Outcome
- Proteobacteria dominated the microbial communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proteobacteria dominated the microbial communities”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas abundance decreased as ozone concentration increased.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- ozone concentratione0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0other - Outcome
- Pseudomonas abundancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas abundance decreased with increasing ozone concentration”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional predictions suggested shifts in chemoheterotrophic groups.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- possible shifts in chemoheterotrophic groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Functional predictions revealed possible shifts in chemoheterotrophic groups and nitrogen-cycling-related taxa”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional predictions suggested shifts in nitrogen-cycling-related taxa.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-cycling-related taxae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Functional predictions revealed possible shifts in chemoheterotrophic groups and nitrogen-cycling-related taxa”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavihumibacter was correlated with lettuce yield and quality in a random forest model.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Interactor
- FlavihumibacterFlavihumibactere0other
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye0
- Value
- R 2 = 0.595–0.938e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flavihumibacter, Runella , and Cytophaga as key taxa correlated with yield and quality (R 2 = 0.595–0.938)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Runella was correlated with lettuce yield and quality in a random forest model.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye0
- Value
- R 2 = 0.595–0.938e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flavihumibacter, Runella , and Cytophaga as key taxa correlated with yield and quality (R 2 = 0.595–0.938)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytophaga was correlated with lettuce yield and quality in a random forest model.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye0
- Value
- R 2 = 0.595–0.938e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flavihumibacter, Runella , and Cytophaga as key taxa correlated with yield and quality (R 2 = 0.595–0.938)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Path modeling suggested ozone-driven microbial restructuring influenced lettuce growth variation.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- variations in lettuce growthe0
- Qualifier
- ozone-induced microbial restructuringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ozone-induced microbial restructuring influenced variations in lettuce growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend optimizing ozone management in recirculating nutrient solutions.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- optimizing ozone management in recirculating nutrient solution systems for soilless cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“offer practical recommendations for optimizing ozone management in recirculating nutrient solution systems for soilless cultivation”
t0“lettuce”
The same questions in other papers
ozone · quality: general · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.