Abstract
Abstract Background Climate change is expected to intensify plant diseases by altering both host physiology and pathogen behaviour, posing a growing risk to global food security. Brassica crops such as broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. italica ), a key vegetable for human nutrition, are particularly vulnerable to black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). To assess how future climates may influence this particular pathosystem, broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes: current climate conditions (CCC) and two late-century projections—an intermediate scenario (RCP 4.5: +3 °C and 650 ppm CO 2 ) and an extreme scenario (RCP 8.5: +6 °C and 1000 ppm CO 2 ). Plants were inoculated with Xcc races 1 and 4. Results The moderate scenario (RCP 4.5) did not negatively affect plant fitness, whereas severe future conditions (RCP 8.5) markedly reduced vegetative growth and photosystem II efficiency. Black rot severity and bacterial growth kinetics depended on both pathogen race and environmental conditions: race 4 was most aggressive under CCC and RCP 4.5, while race 1 gained virulence under RCP 8.5 at later infection stages. Regardless of race, infection increased leaf temperature and lipid peroxidation and stimulated the accumulation of phenolics and other antioxidant metabolites, indicating a shift toward defence-related secondary metabolism. These metabolic changes mitigated oxidative damage but did not prevent the decline in photosynthetic performance under climate conditions. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that future climate scenarios will not only compromise broccoli physiology but also alter the performance of Xcc races selectively.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The moderate RCP 4.5 scenario did not negatively affect broccoli fitness.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicae0 - Treatment
- RCP 4.5e1
- Outcome
- plant fitnesse1
- Direction
- did not negatively affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“The moderate scenario (RCP 4.5) did not negatively affect plant fitness”
Claim · model-written summary
The severe RCP 8.5 scenario markedly reduced broccoli vegetative growth and photosystem II efficiency.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- RCP 8.5e1
- Outcome
- vegetative growth and photosystem II efficiencye1
- Direction
- markedly reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“severe future conditions (RCP 8.5) markedly reduced vegetative growth and photosystem II efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Black rot severity and bacterial growth kinetics depended on pathogen race and environmental conditions.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise2pathogen - Outcome
- Black rot severity and bacterial growth kineticse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“Black rot severity and bacterial growth kinetics depended on both pathogen race and environmental conditions”
e2“Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)”
Claim · model-written summary
Xcc race 4 was the most aggressive race under current climate and RCP 4.5.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Material
- race 4e2
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrisXanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise1pathogen
- Outcome
- aggressivee2
- Direction
- most aggressivee2
- Setting
- CCC and RCP 4.5e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)”
e2“race 4 was most aggressive under CCC and RCP 4.5”
Claim · model-written summary
Xcc race 1 gained virulence on broccoli under RCP 8.5 at later infection stages.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Material
- race 1e2
- Organ / stage
- later infection stagese2
- Treatment
- RCP 8.5e2
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrisXanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise1pathogen
- Outcome
- virulencee2
- Direction
- gainede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)”
e2“while race 1 gained virulence under RCP 8.5 at later infection stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Xcc infection increased broccoli leaf temperature and lipid peroxidation, regardless of race.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe2
- Treatment
- infectione2
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrisXanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise1pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf temperature and lipid peroxidatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)”
e2“Regardless of race, infection increased leaf temperature and lipid peroxidation and stimulated the accumulation of phenolics and other antioxidant metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
Xcc infection stimulated accumulation of phenolics and other antioxidant metabolites in broccoli.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- infectione2
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrisXanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise1pathogen
- Outcome
- accumulation of phenolics and other antioxidant metabolitese2
- Direction
- stimulatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)”
e2“Regardless of race, infection increased leaf temperature and lipid peroxidation and stimulated the accumulation of phenolics and other antioxidant metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
The metabolic changes in broccoli mitigated oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee1
- Direction
- mitigatede1
- Qualifier
- These metabolic changese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“These metabolic changes mitigated oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
The metabolic changes did not prevent the decline in broccoli photosynthetic performance under climate conditions.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- climate conditionse1
- Outcome
- decline in photosynthetic performancee1
- Direction
- did not prevente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli plants were cultivated under three environmental regimes”
e1“did not prevent the decline in photosynthetic performance under climate conditions”
The same questions in other papers
infection · Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.