Abstract
Floral scent research in Hemerocallis remains limited despite its ornamental and edible value. In this study, the aromatic cultivar Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’ was used to investigate the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in petals across the initial, full, and final flowering stages. Metabolomic profiling combined with transcriptomic analysis via RNA sequencing was further performed to elucidate the dynamic changes in scent constituents and their underlying genetic regulation. A total of 131 VOCs were identified, with terpenoids, alcohols, and esters representing the dominant chemical classes. Twelve key aroma-active compounds, including phenethyl alcohol, linalool, ( E )-β-ocimene, farnesene, nerolidyl acetate, α-pinene, nerol, irione, (2-nitroethyl)benzene, 3-furanmethanol, nonanal, and methyl palmitate, were further identified, defining a volatile profile characterized by floral, fruity, and fresh fatty notes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 15,189 differentially expressed genes, which were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways related to terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivatives. Within these pathways, key structural gene modules were identified, including DXS / FPPS / TPS for terpenoids, PAL / 4CL / CAD for phenylpropanoids, and LOX / ADH / AAT for fatty acid derivatives, each showing strong temporal correlation with the accumulation of their corresponding volatiles. Additionally, from 2,547 predicted transcription factors (TFs), 58 candidate regulators closely associated with the 12 key volatiles were identified, with bHLH (9), MYB (7), AP2/ERF (6), NAC (5), and WRKY (4) families prominently represented. This study systematically uncovered the dynamic variation of floral scent components and identified key structural gene modules and candidate TFs associated with their biosynthesis, providing a foundation for understanding aroma formation in Hemerocallis and supporting future molecular breeding of fragrant cultivars. • Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids dominated the floral scent at full bloom. • Floral scent transitioned to fatty-acid derivatives during senescence. • DXS-FPPS-TPS and PAL-CAD gene modules correlated with stage-specific volatiles. • bHLH, MYB, NAC, and WRKY transcription factors coordinated scent biosynthesis. • Integrated metabolite-gene-TF framework assisted aromatic Hemerocallis breeding.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The petals contained 131 identified VOCs, dominated by terpenoids, alcohols and esters.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’
Hemerocallis fulvat0 - Outcome
- VOCse0
- Value
- 131 VOCse0
- Qualifier
- terpenoids, alcohols, and esterse0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“A total of 131 VOCs were identified, with terpenoids, alcohols, and esters representing the dominant chemical classes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve key aroma-active compounds defined a floral, fruity and fresh fatty volatile profile.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’Hemerocallis fulvat0
- Outcome
- key aroma-active compoundse0
- Value
- Twelvee0
- Qualifier
- floral, fruity, and fresh fatty notese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“Twelve key aroma-active compounds, including phenethyl alcohol, linalool, ( E )-β-ocimene, farnesene, nerolidyl acetate, α-pinene, nerol, irione, (2-nitroethyl)benzene, 3-furanmethanol, nonanal, and methyl palmitate, were further identified, defining a volatile profile characterized by floral, fruity, and fresh fatty notes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomic analysis found 15,189 differentially expressed genes enriched in pathways related to terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and fatty acid derivatives.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’Hemerocallis fulvat0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 15,189e0
- Qualifier
- metabolic pathways related to terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivativese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“Transcriptomic analysis revealed 15,189 differentially expressed genes, which were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways related to terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivatives.”
Claim · model-written summary
DXS / FPPS / TPS structural gene modules correlated temporally with corresponding terpenoid volatiles.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’Hemerocallis fulvat0
- Gene
- DXS / FPPS / TPSe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of their corresponding volatilese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“DXS / FPPS / TPS for terpenoids, PAL / 4CL / CAD for phenylpropanoids, and LOX / ADH / AAT for fatty acid derivatives, each showing strong temporal correlation with the accumulation of their corresponding volatiles.”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL / 4CL / CAD structural gene modules correlated temporally with corresponding phenylpropanoid volatiles.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’Hemerocallis fulvat0
- Gene
- PAL / 4CL / CADe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of their corresponding volatilese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“PAL / 4CL / CAD for phenylpropanoids, and LOX / ADH / AAT for fatty acid derivatives, each showing strong temporal correlation with the accumulation of their corresponding volatiles.”
Claim · model-written summary
LOX / ADH / AAT structural gene modules correlated temporally with corresponding fatty acid derivative volatiles.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’Hemerocallis fulvat0
- Gene
- LOX / ADH / AATe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of their corresponding volatilese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“LOX / ADH / AAT for fatty acid derivatives, each showing strong temporal correlation with the accumulation of their corresponding volatiles.”
Claim · model-written summary
Among 2,547 predicted transcription factors, 58 candidate regulators were closely associated with 12 key volatiles.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’Hemerocallis fulvat0
- Gene
- candidate regulatorse0
- Outcome
- closely associated with the 12 key volatilese0
- Value
- 58e0
- Qualifier
- 2,547 predicted transcription factors (TFs)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“from 2,547 predicted transcription factors (TFs), 58 candidate regulators closely associated with the 12 key volatiles were identified, with bHLH (9), MYB (7), AP2/ERF (6), NAC (5), and WRKY (4) families prominently represented.”
Claim · model-written summary
Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids dominated floral scent at full bloom.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’Hemerocallis fulvat0
- Organ / stage
- full bloome0
- Outcome
- Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids dominated the floral scente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids dominated the floral scent at full bloom.”
Claim · model-written summary
Floral scent shifted to fatty-acid derivatives during senescence.
- Taxon
- Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’Hemerocallis fulvat0
- Organ / stage
- senescencee0
- Outcome
- Floral scent transitioned to fatty-acid derivativese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Hemerocallis fulva ‘Shaman’”
e0“Floral scent transitioned to fatty-acid derivatives during senescence.”