Abstract
Alternaria alternata is an important fungal pathogen causing leaf spot and fruit rot diseases in a variety of crops, including sweet cherry. The development of resistance to fungicides, especially quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, has emerged as a significant concern in managing cherry diseases. In this study, 109 A. alternata isolates collected from four geographic regions were screened for sensitivity to QoI fungicide azoxystrobin and other fungicides. Results showed that 74 isolates (67.89%) were highly resistant to azoxystrobin. All isolates were highly resistant to MBC fungicide carbendazim, while resistance to DMI fungicide hexaconazole occurred at a lower frequency, and all isolates were sensitive to SDHI fungicide boscalid. For the tested isolates, positive cross-resistance was observed between azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, whereas no correlation in sensitivity was detected between azoxystrobin and other classes of fungicides. No significant differences were observed between azoxystrobin sensitive and resistant isolates in mycelial growth, sporulation and oxidative stress tolerance. However, resistant isolates showed significantly lower inhibition to osmotic stress caused by NaCl. The detached cherry fruit assay showed that azoxystrobin was highly effective against sensitive isolates but had greatly reduced control efficacy against resistant isolates. Nevertheless, the SDHI fungicide boscalid, effectively inhibited growth in both azoxystrobin-resistant and sensitive isolates. RT-qPCR analysis showed no significant difference in AaCyt b expression between sensitive and resistant isolates. Sequencing of the AaCyt b gene confirmed the presence of the G143A mutation in resistant isolates. These results demonstrate that this mutation confers high resistance with limited fitness penalties, and does not confer cross resistance to DMI, MBC, or SDHI fungicides. Finally, SDHI fungicides remain the best option to control A. alternata.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Of 109 Alternaria alternata isolates from cherry, 74 (67.89%) were highly resistant to azoxystrobin.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternata
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Alternaria alternatat0 - Outcome
- highly resistant to azoxystrobine0
- Value
- 67.89%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“74 isolates (67.89%) were highly resistant to azoxystrobin”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
All A. alternata isolates were highly resistant to the MBC fungicide carbendazim.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Outcome
- highly resistant to MBC fungicide carbendazime0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All isolates were highly resistant to MBC fungicide carbendazim”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance of A. alternata isolates to the DMI fungicide hexaconazole occurred at a lower frequency.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Outcome
- resistance to DMI fungicide hexaconazolee0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resistance to DMI fungicide hexaconazole occurred at a lower frequency”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
All A. alternata isolates were sensitive to the SDHI fungicide boscalid.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Outcome
- sensitive to SDHI fungicide boscalide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all isolates were sensitive to SDHI fungicide boscalid”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
Positive cross-resistance was observed between azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin among A. alternata isolates.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Compound
- pyraclostrobine0
- Outcome
- cross-resistancee0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive cross-resistance was observed between azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
No correlation in sensitivity was detected between azoxystrobin and other classes of fungicides in A. alternata isolates.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Outcome
- sensitivitye0
- Direction
- no correlatione0
- Comparator
- other classes of fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no correlation in sensitivity was detected between azoxystrobin and other classes of fungicides”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant differences were observed between azoxystrobin sensitive and resistant isolates in mycelial growth, sporulation and oxidative stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Outcome
- mycelial growth, sporulation and oxidative stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- azoxystrobin sensitive and resistant isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were observed between azoxystrobin sensitive and resistant isolates in mycelial growth, sporulation and oxidative stress tolerance”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin-resistant isolates showed significantly lower inhibition by NaCl-induced osmotic stress than sensitive isolates.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- inhibition to osmotic stresse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resistant isolates showed significantly lower inhibition to osmotic stress caused by NaCl”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
In the detached cherry fruit assay, azoxystrobin was highly effective against azoxystrobin-sensitive A. alternata isolates.
- Taxon
- cherrye0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0pathogen
- Outcome
- highly effective against sensitive isolatese0
- Direction
- highly effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The detached cherry fruit assay showed that azoxystrobin was highly effective against sensitive isolates”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
In the detached cherry fruit assay, azoxystrobin had greatly reduced control efficacy against azoxystrobin-resistant A. alternata isolates.
- Taxon
- cherrye0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0pathogen
- Outcome
- control efficacy against resistant isolatese0
- Direction
- greatly reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The detached cherry fruit assay showed that azoxystrobin was highly effective against sensitive isolates but had greatly reduced control efficacy against resistant isolates”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
The SDHI fungicide boscalid effectively inhibited growth of both azoxystrobin-resistant and sensitive A. alternata isolates.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Treatment
- SDHI fungicide boscalide0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDHI fungicide boscalid, effectively inhibited growth in both azoxystrobin-resistant and sensitive isolates”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
RT-qPCR showed no significant difference in AaCyt b expression between sensitive and resistant A. alternata isolates.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Gene
- AaCyt be0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- sensitive and resistant isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RT-qPCR analysis showed no significant difference in AaCyt b expression between sensitive and resistant isolates”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequencing of the AaCyt b gene confirmed the G143A mutation in azoxystrobin-resistant A. alternata isolates.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Gene
- AaCyt b genee0
- Outcome
- presence of the G143A mutatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sequencing of the AaCyt b gene confirmed the presence of the G143A mutation in resistant isolates”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the G143A mutation confers high resistance to azoxystrobin with limited fitness penalties.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Outcome
- high resistancee0
- Qualifier
- limited fitness penaltiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this mutation confers high resistance with limited fitness penalties”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the mutation does not confer cross resistance to DMI, MBC, or SDHI fungicides.
- Taxon
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0
- Outcome
- cross resistancee0
- Qualifier
- DMI, MBC, or SDHI fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“does not confer cross resistance to DMI, MBC, or SDHI fungicides”
t0“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
SDHI fungicides remain the best option to control A. alternata.
- Taxon
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0
- Outcome
- best option to controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDHI fungicides remain the best option to control A. alternata”