Abstract
Abstract This study evaluated the impact of germination on nutritional and bioactive compounds in seven wheat varieties bred in the Gene Bank of the Czech Agrifood Research Center representing five Triticum species (common, durum, emmer, einkorn, and spelt). Seeds were germinated for up to six days, and changes in crude protein content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phenolic acid profiles free and bound forms were assessed. Germination led to significant increases in crude protein content across all varieties. For example, in germinated seeds of spelt wheat variety Rubiota crude protein content increased from 19.42% to 21.97% and in emmer wheat variety Rudico from 16.84% to 20.78%. The largest increase of crude protein content was observed between days 4 and 6 of germination. Total phenolic content rose markedly, with emmer wheat variety Rudico and spelt wheat variety Ruth reaching ~ 5.4-fold increase at day 4). Antioxidant activity also increased, peaking at 13.81 ± 0.57 mmol TE/g dw in emmer wheat variety Tapiruz at day 5. Analysis of phenolic acids and phenolic aldehydes revealed that bound forms were predominant contributing 98.77% to total phenolic content. In spelt wheat variety Rubiota, the sum of bound phenolic acids increased from 867.5 ± 85.0 µg/g dw at day 0 to 1983.2 ± 130.6 µg/g dw at day 6. The most significant increases were observed in ferulic acid and p -coumaric acid. Multiple regression and correlation analyses revealed that total phenolic content is a significant independent predictor of antioxidant activity during germination. Specific bound phenolics, especially syringaldehyde and vanillin showed the strongest associations with AA, highlighting their central role in the antioxidant potential of sprouted grains. These results demonstrate that germination enhances the nutritional and functional properties of wheat grains, with ancient species such as a spelt variety Ruth, emmer variety Rudico, and einkorn variety Rumona showing the greatest increases. The predominance of bound phenolic acids highlights their key role in wheat’s antioxidant capacity and potential health benefits.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Germination significantly increased crude protein across all wheat varieties.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Germinatione0
- Outcome
- crude protein contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination led to significant increases in crude protein content across all varieties”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rubiota protein rose from 19.42% to 21.97%.
Verbatim
e0“in germinated seeds of spelt wheat variety Rubiota crude protein content increased from 19.42% to 21.97%”
Claim · model-written summary
Rudico protein rose from 16.84% to 20.78%.
Verbatim
e0“in emmer wheat variety Rudico from 16.84% to 20.78%”
e1“crude protein content increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest crude protein increase occurred on germination days 4 to 6.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- crude protein contente0
- Direction
- largest increasee0
- Qualifier
- between days 4 and 6 of germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest increase of crude protein content was observed between days 4 and 6 of germination”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rudico total phenolics rose about 5.4-fold by day 4.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenolic content rose markedly, with emmer wheat variety Rudico and spelt wheat variety Ruth reaching ~ 5.4-fold increase at day 4”
Claim · model-written summary
Ruth total phenolics rose about 5.4-fold by day 4.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenolic content rose markedly, with emmer wheat variety Rudico and spelt wheat variety Ruth reaching ~ 5.4-fold increase at day 4”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity increased during germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant activity also increased”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tapiruz antioxidant activity peaked at 13.81 ± 0.57 mmol TE/g dw at day 5.
Verbatim
e0“peaking at 13.81 ± 0.57 mmol TE/g dw in emmer wheat variety Tapiruz at day 5”
e1“Antioxidant activity also increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Bound phenolic acids and aldehydes predominated, accounting for 98.77% of total phenolics.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- bound formse0
- Direction
- predominante0
- Value
- 98.77%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bound forms were predominant contributing 98.77% to total phenolic content”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rubiota bound phenolic acids rose from 867.5 ± 85.0 to 1983.2 ± 130.6 µg/g dw.
Verbatim
e0“In spelt wheat variety Rubiota, the sum of bound phenolic acids increased from 867.5 ± 85.0 µg/g dw at day 0 to 1983.2 ± 130.6 µg/g dw at day 6”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulic acid showed one of the most significant increases.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ferulic acide0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most significant increases were observed in ferulic acid and p -coumaric acid”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
p-coumaric acid showed one of the most significant increases.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- p -coumaric acide0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most significant increases were observed in ferulic acid and p -coumaric acid”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolics significantly predicted antioxidant activity during germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- total phenolic contente0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolic content is a significant independent predictor of antioxidant activity during germination”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bound syringaldehyde showed a strong association with antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- syringaldehydee0
- Outcome
- AAe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specific bound phenolics, especially syringaldehyde and vanillin showed the strongest associations with AA”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bound vanillin showed a strong association with antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- vanilline0
- Outcome
- AAe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specific bound phenolics, especially syringaldehyde and vanillin showed the strongest associations with AA”
t0“wheat”
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