Abstract
Abstract Management of pine-hardwood mixtures or mixedwood forest types is gaining interest in the southeastern United States where landowner objectives/attitudes, rising management costs, timber and carbon markets, and logging workforce factors may provide rationale for favoring these forest types. However, few studies in the region have documented long-term stand development patterns for pine-hardwood mixtures. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate ten-year survival and growth of planted shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata ) following four site preparation and early release treatments, and 2) assess the associated natural regeneration composition and growth. A study area was established during 2013/2014 near Estill Springs, Tennessee. Fell-and-burn site preparation served as the control treatment, and three additional first and/or second year release treatments were tested. Shortleaf pine seedlings were planted at two spacings (3.6 × 3.6 m and 5.5 × 5.5 m). Results indicated a significant treatment x spacing interaction for shortleaf pine survival ( P = 0.01) with improved survival observed in the 3.6 × 3.6 m spacing herbicide release treatments. Average height growth was statistically significant ( P = 0.01) and greater in the herbicide-and-burn release treatment (8.1 m) compared to the control (6.8 m) and burn release (6.8 m) treatments. Invasive woody species were more common than other species groups, but they were significantly shorter than native woody species ( P < 0.001). Treatments that included herbicide release resulted in greater shortleaf pine survival and height growth. Oaks ( Quercus spp.) and other Pinus spp. were present in upper crown classes in the two herbicide release treatments after ten years, but additional management will be needed to suppress invasive woody species as these stands continue to develop.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Shortleaf pine survival improved with herbicide release treatments at the 3.6 × 3.6 m spacing (significant treatment x spacing interaction).
- Taxon
- shortleaf pine
Pinus echinatae0 - Treatment
- herbicide release treatmentse0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 3.6 × 3.6 m spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated a significant treatment x spacing interaction for shortleaf pine survival ( P = 0.01) with improved survival observed in the 3.6 × 3.6 m spacing herbicide release treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Average shortleaf pine height growth was greater in the herbicide-and-burn release treatment (8.1 m) than in the control (6.8 m).
- Taxon
- shortleaf pinePinus echinatae0
- Treatment
- herbicide-and-burn releasee1
- Outcome
- Average height growthe1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 8.1 me1
- Qualifier
- burn release (6.8 m)e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planted shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata )”
e1“Average height growth was statistically significant ( P = 0.01) and greater in the herbicide-and-burn release treatment (8.1 m) compared to the control (6.8 m) and burn release (6.8 m) treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Invasive woody species were more common than other species groups in the natural regeneration.
Verbatim
e2“Invasive woody species were more common than other species groups, but they were significantly shorter than native woody species ( P < 0.001)”
Claim · model-written summary
Invasive woody species were significantly shorter than native woody species.
Verbatim
e2“Invasive woody species were more common than other species groups, but they were significantly shorter than native woody species ( P < 0.001)”
e1“Average height growth was statistically significant ( P = 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Oaks and other Pinus species were present in upper crown classes in both herbicide release treatments after ten years.
- Treatment
- herbicide release treatmentse3
- Outcome
- present in upper crown classese3
- Qualifier
- after ten yearse3
QuercusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Oaks ( Quercus spp.) and other Pinus spp. were present in upper crown classes in the two herbicide release treatments after ten years”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional management will be needed to suppress invasive woody species as the stands develop.
Verbatim
e4“additional management will be needed to suppress invasive woody species”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · growth · Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.