Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important crops worldwide, but its productivity is frequently challenged by abiotic stresses such as drought and heat, which impair physiological and metabolic processes. Biostimulants have emerged as sustainable tools to improve plant performance under adverse conditions. This study evaluated the effects of foliar application of a new biostimulant, “SB”, on soybean photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant metabolism, biometric traits, and grain yield. SB was applied at different doses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 L ha−1) at the V4 and R1 growth stages during two seasons (2023/2024 and 2024/2025). Foliar SB application enhanced soybean leaf chlorophyll levels, RuBisCO activity, and gas exchange parameters, resulting in higher photosynthetic rates, carboxylation efficiency, and water use efficiency. In addition, foliar SB application reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation, indicating lower oxidative damage and improved redox balance. These physiological and metabolic improvements contributed to greater root development and plant height and significant increases in yield components. Grain yield was consistently improved by all SB application rates, but the 1.5 L ha−1 dose produced the most stable and positive effects across both seasons, with an average increase of more than 500 kg ha−1 compared to the control. Overall, foliar SB application proved to be an efficient and promising management strategy to enhance soybean resilience and productivity under variable climatic conditions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SB enhanced soybean chlorophyll levels, RuBisCO activity and gas exchange parameters.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Foliar SB applicatione0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll levels, RuBisCO activity, and gas exchange parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar SB application enhanced soybean leaf chlorophyll levels, RuBisCO activity, and gas exchange parameters, resulting in higher photosynthetic rates, carboxylation efficiency, and water use efficiency.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SB increased photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Foliar SB applicatione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rates, carboxylation efficiency, and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar SB application enhanced soybean leaf chlorophyll levels, RuBisCO activity, and gas exchange parameters, resulting in higher photosynthetic rates, carboxylation efficiency, and water use efficiency.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SB reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- foliar SB applicatione0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar SB application reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation, indicating lower oxidative damage and improved redox balance.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SB improved root development and plant height.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- root development and plant heighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These physiological and metabolic improvements contributed to greater root development and plant height and significant increases in yield components.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SB significantly increased yield components.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- yield componentse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These physiological and metabolic improvements contributed to greater root development and plant height and significant increases in yield components.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
All SB application rates improved grain yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- all SB application ratese0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was consistently improved by all SB application rates, but the 1.5 L ha−1 dose produced the most stable and positive effects across both seasons, with an average increase of more than 500 kg ha−1 compared to the control.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1.5 L ha−1 SB dose increased grain yield by more than 500 kg ha−1 over control on average across both seasons.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 1.5 L ha−1 dosee0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- more than 500 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- across both seasonse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was consistently improved by all SB application rates, but the 1.5 L ha−1 dose produced the most stable and positive effects across both seasons, with an average increase of more than 500 kg ha−1 compared to the control.”
t0“Soybean”
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See all 36 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.