Abstract
Allelopathy means that one plant produces chemical substances to affect the growth of other plants. Crop rotation is considered as a potential strategy to alleviate the allelopathic inhibition. So, it is important to identify rotation crops with wide availability and low inhibitory effects. In this study, the allelopathic potential of soil extracts was investigated on the germination, seedling growth, biomass, and biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant enzyme activities) of five crops, by a series of laboratory experiments. Firstly, both soil water extracts (SWE) and soil ethanol extracts (SEE) exhibited allelopathic inhibition on the seed germination and the root length of all seedlings in a dose-dependent relationship. The SWE significantly promoted the shoot length of bok choy and Chinese lettuce, while the SEE had no significant effect in bok choy. The application of SEE resulted in a significant increase in the dry weight of bok choy and rocket. In contrast, SWE had a negligible effect on bok choy and lettuce. Both of them caused decrease in the dry weight of the other seedlings. Then, the allelopathic synthetic effect index of water/ethanol extracts was chemo-inhibitory, and the inhibitory effect increased with increasing extract concentration. The SWE had the strongest inhibition on rocket and the SEE on lettuce. Both of them had the weakest effect on bok choy. The extracts significantly inhibited the photosynthetic capacity in five crops, manifested as decrease in photosynthetic pigments and dose-dependent effects. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in all crops increased in a dose-dependent manner, confirming that the extracts caused lipid peroxidation. However, the defense strategies of different crops vary significantly. There is crop with active defense, such as bok choy treated with SWE. It delayed oxidative damage by continuously upregulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). This is the key physiological mechanism for tolerance. There is also the oxidative stress failure type, as follows: CAT activity of rocket and cabbage increased, but the SOD activity did not increase by SEE. This reveals the physiological essence of their sensitivity-the lack of persistent scavenging ability for reactive oxygen species. Based on the inhibition of peroxidase (POD) and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), it is speculated that the extracts may inhibit the hydrogen peroxide scavenging pathway, which centered on the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. It is the fundamental reason why the continuous accumulation of MDA though SOD/CAT is up. This study confirmed the allelopathic effects of the water and ethanol extracts on five vegetable crops, and found that bok choy was less affected by them. The soil extracts affected the growth and development of seedlings by regulating their oxidative metabolism and photosynthetic capacity. These results support recommending pak choi as a rotation crop. This provides crops for subsequent field experiments and a new direction for next-step research on continuous cropping obstacles.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Soil water and ethanol extracts inhibited seed germination and root length of the seedlings in a dose-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetablest0
- Treatment
- soil water extracts (SWE) and soil ethanol extracts (SEE)e2
- Outcome
- the seed germination and the root lengthe2
- Direction
- inhibitione2
- Qualifier
- in a dose-dependent relationshipe2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“both soil water extracts (SWE) and soil ethanol extracts (SEE) exhibited allelopathic inhibition on the seed germination and the root length of all seedlings in a dose-dependent relationship”
Claim · model-written summary
SWE significantly promoted the shoot length of bok choy.
- Taxon
- bok choy
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensise2 - Treatment
- SWEe2
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The SWE significantly promoted the shoot length of bok choy and Chinese lettuce, while the SEE had no significant effect in bok choy”
Claim · model-written summary
SWE significantly promoted the shoot length of Chinese lettuce.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The SWE significantly promoted the shoot length of bok choy and Chinese lettuce, while the SEE had no significant effect in bok choy”
Claim · model-written summary
SEE had no significant effect on shoot length of bok choy.
- Taxon
- bok choyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensise2
- Treatment
- SEEe2
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The SWE significantly promoted the shoot length of bok choy and Chinese lettuce, while the SEE had no significant effect in bok choy”
Claim · model-written summary
SEE significantly increased the dry weight of bok choy.
- Taxon
- bok choyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensise2
- Treatment
- SEEe2
- Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The application of SEE resulted in a significant increase in the dry weight of bok choy and rocket”
Claim · model-written summary
SEE significantly increased the dry weight of rocket.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The application of SEE resulted in a significant increase in the dry weight of bok choy and rocket”
Claim · model-written summary
SWE had a negligible effect on bok choy.
- Taxon
- bok choyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensise2
- Treatment
- SWEe2
- Outcome
- effecte2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“SWE had a negligible effect on bok choy and lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
SWE had a negligible effect on lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae2 - Treatment
- SWEe2
- Outcome
- effecte2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“SWE had a negligible effect on bok choy and lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Both extracts decreased the dry weight of the other seedlings.
- Taxon
- Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetablest0
- Treatment
- Both of theme2
- Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“Both of them caused decrease in the dry weight of the other seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SWE had the strongest inhibition on rocket.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The SWE had the strongest inhibition on rocket and the SEE on lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
SEE had the strongest inhibition on lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae2
- Treatment
- SEEe2
- Outcome
- strongest inhibitione2
- Direction
- strongeste2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The SWE had the strongest inhibition on rocket and the SEE on lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Both extracts had the weakest effect on bok choy.
- Taxon
- bok choyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensise2
- Treatment
- Both of theme2
- Outcome
- weakest effecte2
- Direction
- weakeste2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“Both of them had the weakest effect on bok choy”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts significantly inhibited the photosynthetic capacity of five crops.
- Taxon
- five cropse2
- Treatment
- extractse2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacitye2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Qualifier
- dose-dependent effectse2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The extracts significantly inhibited the photosynthetic capacity in five crops, manifested as decrease in photosynthetic pigments and dose-dependent effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde content in all five crops increased in a dose-dependent manner under the extracts.
- Taxon
- Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetablest0
- Treatment
- extractse2
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- in a dose-dependent mannere2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in all crops increased in a dose-dependent manner, confirming that the extracts caused lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
SWE-treated bok choy delayed oxidative damage by continuously upregulating superoxide dismutase and catalase activities.
- Taxon
- bok choyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensise2
- Treatment
- SWEe2
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)e2
- Direction
- upregulatinge2
- Qualifier
- delayed oxidative damagee2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“bok choy treated with SWE. It delayed oxidative damage by continuously upregulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous upregulation of SOD and CAT is the key physiological mechanism of bok choy tolerance to the extracts.
- Taxon
- bok choyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensise2
- Outcome
- tolerancee3
- Qualifier
- key physiological mechanisme3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e2“bok choy treated with SWE. It delayed oxidative damage by continuously upregulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)”
e3“This is the key physiological mechanism for tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Under SEE, CAT activity of rocket increased while SOD activity did not increase.
- Taxon
- rockete2
- Treatment
- SEEe2
- Outcome
- CAT activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- SOD activity did not increasee2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“CAT activity of rocket and cabbage increased, but the SOD activity did not increase by SEE”
Claim · model-written summary
Under SEE, CAT activity of cabbage increased while SOD activity did not increase.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae2 - Treatment
- SEEe2
- Outcome
- CAT activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- SOD activity did not increasee2
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“CAT activity of rocket and cabbage increased, but the SOD activity did not increase by SEE”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend pak choi as a rotation crop.
Verbatim
t0“Seed Germination and Growth of Five Vegetables in China”
e1“by a series of laboratory experiments”
e2“These results support recommending pak choi as a rotation crop”
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