Abstract
Introduction Lupin is gaining increasing attention in Europe as a sustainable protein source due to its high protein content, resilience, and suitability for low-input farming systems. Agronomic biofortification with selenium (Se) offers a straightforward strategy to enhance crop nutritional quality. Methods A two-season field experiment (2021/22 and 2022/23) was conducted in Southwest Spain using a split-plot design, with genotype as the main plot and Se treatment as the subplot. Three lupin species ( Lupinus luteus, L. albus , and L. angustifolius ) were evaluated under four Se rates (0, 10, 20, and 40 g Se ha -1 ). Agronomic performance, grain nutritional composition, and Se accumulation were assessed. Results Selenium application significantly increased Se accumulation in lupin grains but did not affect grain yield or nutritional composition, which were mainly influenced by season and genotype. All species showed a linear increase in grain Se concentration with increasing Se doses, with L. luteus exhibiting the highest accumulation. L. albus achieved the highest average grain yield (2036.3 kg ha -1 ), followed by L. angustifolius (1039.0 kg ha -1 ) and L. luteus (642.3 kg ha -1 ). In contrast, L. luteus showed the highest protein content (48.4%), followed by L. albus (42.8%) and L. angustifolius (29.8%). Discussion These findings demonstrate that selenium enrichment of lupin grains through agronomic biofortification is feasible, although strongly influenced by genotype and environmental conditions. The results highlight the potential of lupins as alternative protein crops in Europe, with L. albus combining superior yield performance and high protein content.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium application significantly increased Se accumulation in lupin grains.
- Organ / stage
- grainse1
- Treatment
- Selenium applicatione1
- Outcome
- Se accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- Southwest Spaine2
LupinusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Selenium application significantly increased Se accumulation in lupin grains but did not affect grain yield or nutritional composition, which were mainly influenced by season and genotype”
e2“conducted in Southwest Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium application did not affect lupin grain yield or nutritional composition.
- Treatment
- Selenium applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain yield or nutritional compositione1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Selenium application significantly increased Se accumulation in lupin grains but did not affect grain yield or nutritional composition, which were mainly influenced by season and genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and nutritional composition of lupin were mainly influenced by season and genotype.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Selenium application significantly increased Se accumulation in lupin grains but did not affect grain yield or nutritional composition, which were mainly influenced by season and genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
All lupin species showed a linear increase in grain Se concentration with increasing Se doses.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“All species showed a linear increase in grain Se concentration with increasing Se doses, with L. luteus exhibiting the highest accumulation”
e4“Lupin is gaining increasing attention in Europe”
Claim · model-written summary
L. luteus showed the highest grain Se accumulation among the lupin species.
- Taxon
- L. luteus
Lupinus luteuse3 - Outcome
- accumulatione3
- Direction
- higheste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“All species showed a linear increase in grain Se concentration with increasing Se doses, with L. luteus exhibiting the highest accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
L. albus achieved the highest average grain yield, 2036.3 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- L. albus
Lupinus albuse5 - Outcome
- average grain yielde5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 2036.3 kg ha -1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“L. albus achieved the highest average grain yield (2036.3 kg ha -1), followed by L. angustifolius (1039.0 kg ha -1) and L. luteus (642.3 kg ha -1)”
Claim · model-written summary
L. angustifolius had an average grain yield of 1039.0 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- L. angustifolius
.jpg?width=60)
Lupinus angustifoliuse5 - Outcome
- average grain yielde5
- Value
- 1039.0 kg ha -1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e5“L. albus achieved the highest average grain yield (2036.3 kg ha -1), followed by L. angustifolius (1039.0 kg ha -1) and L. luteus (642.3 kg ha -1)”
Claim · model-written summary
L. luteus had an average grain yield of 642.3 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- L. luteusLupinus luteuse5
- Outcome
- average grain yielde5
- Value
- 642.3 kg ha -1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“L. albus achieved the highest average grain yield (2036.3 kg ha -1), followed by L. angustifolius (1039.0 kg ha -1) and L. luteus (642.3 kg ha -1)”
Claim · model-written summary
L. luteus showed the highest protein content, 48.4%.
- Taxon
- L. luteusLupinus luteuse6
- Outcome
- protein contente6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 48.4%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In contrast, L. luteus showed the highest protein content (48.4%), followed by L. albus (42.8%) and L. angustifolius (29.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
L. albus had a protein content of 42.8%.
- Taxon
- L. albusLupinus albuse6
- Outcome
- protein contente6
- Value
- 42.8%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In contrast, L. luteus showed the highest protein content (48.4%), followed by L. albus (42.8%) and L. angustifolius (29.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
L. angustifolius had a protein content of 29.8%.
- Taxon
- L. angustifoliusLupinus angustifoliuse6
- Outcome
- protein contente6
- Value
- 29.8%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In contrast, L. luteus showed the highest protein content (48.4%), followed by L. albus (42.8%) and L. angustifolius (29.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium enrichment of lupin grains through agronomic biofortification is feasible.
- Outcome
- selenium enrichment of lupin grainse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“These findings demonstrate that selenium enrichment of lupin grains through agronomic biofortification is feasible”
Claim · model-written summary
Lupins have potential as alternative protein crops in Europe.
- Outcome
- potential of lupins as alternative protein crops in Europee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The results highlight the potential of lupins as alternative protein crops in Europe”