Abstract
Abstract Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye; however, the extent to which its essential oil (EO) yield, chemical composition, and biological activities are shaped by both ontogenetic and locational factors within a single province remains poorly characterised. The present study addresses this gap by analysing 36 EO samples from six districts of Sinop province (Center, Ayancık, Erfelek, Türkeli, Dikmen, and Gerze) collected over six consecutive months (October-March 2023–2024). EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterised by GC-MS/FID; antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH radical-scavenging, and antimicrobial activity against nine microbial strains was evaluated by disk diffusion and microdilution. EO yields ranged from 0.5% to 1.5% (v/w). GC-MS analysis identified 10–22 components per sample (85.7–98.9% of total composition), with eucalyptol (43.9–65.5%), α-terpinyl acetate (7.7–15.4%), and sabinene (2.4–12.6%) as dominant constituents. Locational variation was statistically significant for six constituents including α-pinene ( p = 0.002), sabinene ( p < 0.001), and linalool ( p = 0.026). Temporal variation was limited to eucalyptol ( p < 0.001) and α-terpinyl acetate ( p = 0.017). DPPH assays yielded IC₅₀ values of 119.8–426.8 µL/mL, with the strongest activity recorded for the Türkeli-November sample (IC₅₀ = 119.8 µL/mL); neither locational nor overall temporal differences reached significance. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated broad-spectrum activity, with the lowest MIC values (320 µg/L) recorded against Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae ; significant locational variation was detected only for Enterococcus faecalis ( p < 0.01). Overall, geographical location proved a more consistent source of compositional variability than the ontogenetic factor, with practical implications for harvest optimisation in pharmaceutical and food applications.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
EO yield ranged from 0.5% to 1.5% (v/w).
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilis
Laurus nobilise0 - Outcome
- EO yieldse1
- Value
- 0.5% to 1.5% (v/w)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“EO yields ranged from 0.5% to 1.5% (v/w)”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS identified 10–22 components per essential oil sample.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- components per samplee1
- Value
- 10–22e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“GC-MS analysis identified 10–22 components per sample”
Claim · model-written summary
Identified components accounted for 85.7–98.9% of total composition.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- total compositione1
- Value
- 85.7–98.9%e1
- Qualifier
- identified 10–22 components per samplee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“identified 10–22 components per sample (85.7–98.9% of total composition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptol was a dominant constituent at 43.9–65.5%.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- eucalyptole1
- Value
- 43.9–65.5%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“eucalyptol (43.9–65.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
α-terpinyl acetate was a dominant constituent at 7.7–15.4%.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- α-terpinyl acetatee1
- Value
- 7.7–15.4%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“α-terpinyl acetate (7.7–15.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sabinene was a dominant constituent at 2.4–12.6%.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- sabinenee1
- Value
- 2.4–12.6%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“sabinene (2.4–12.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Locational variation was statistically significant for α-pinene.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- α-pinenee1
- Value
- p = 0.002e1
- Qualifier
- Locational variatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“Locational variation was statistically significant for six constituents including α-pinene ( p = 0.002), sabinene ( p < 0.001), and linalool ( p = 0.026)”
Claim · model-written summary
Locational variation was statistically significant for sabinene.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- sabinenee1
- Value
- p < 0.001e1
- Qualifier
- Locational variatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“Locational variation was statistically significant for six constituents including α-pinene ( p = 0.002), sabinene ( p < 0.001), and linalool ( p = 0.026)”
Claim · model-written summary
Locational variation was statistically significant for linalool.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- linaloole1
- Value
- p = 0.026e1
- Qualifier
- Locational variatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“Locational variation was statistically significant for six constituents including α-pinene ( p = 0.002), sabinene ( p < 0.001), and linalool ( p = 0.026)”
Claim · model-written summary
Temporal variation was statistically significant for eucalyptol.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- eucalyptole1
- Value
- p < 0.001e1
- Qualifier
- Temporal variatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“Temporal variation was limited to eucalyptol ( p < 0.001) and α-terpinyl acetate ( p = 0.017)”
Claim · model-written summary
Temporal variation was statistically significant for α-terpinyl acetate.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- α-terpinyl acetatee1
- Value
- p = 0.017e1
- Qualifier
- Temporal variatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“Temporal variation was limited to eucalyptol ( p < 0.001) and α-terpinyl acetate ( p = 0.017)”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH assays gave IC50 values of 119.8–426.8 µL/mL.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- IC₅₀ valuese1
- Value
- 119.8–426.8 µL/mLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“DPPH assays yielded IC₅₀ values of 119.8–426.8 µL/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
The Türkeli-November sample showed the strongest DPPH radical-scavenging activity, with IC50 of 119.8 µL/mL.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Material
- Türkeli-November samplee1
- Outcome
- IC₅₀e1
- Value
- 119.8 µL/mLe1
- Qualifier
- strongest activitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“the strongest activity recorded for the Türkeli-November sample (IC₅₀ = 119.8 µL/mL)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither locational nor overall temporal differences in DPPH activity reached significance.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- DPPHe1
- Qualifier
- neither locational nor overall temporal differences reached significancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“DPPH assays yielded IC₅₀ values of 119.8–426.8 µL/mL, with the strongest activity recorded for the Türkeli-November sample (IC₅₀ = 119.8 µL/mL); neither locational nor overall temporal differences reached significance”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest MIC of 320 µg/L was recorded against Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Interactor
- Bacillus spp.e1other
- Second interactor
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniaee1other - Outcome
- MIC valuese1
- Value
- 320 µg/Le1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“the lowest MIC values (320 µg/L) recorded against Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae”
Claim · model-written summary
Locational variation was significant only for Enterococcus faecalis.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Interactor
- Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalise1other - Outcome
- locational variatione1
- Value
- p < 0.01e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“significant locational variation was detected only for Enterococcus faecalis ( p < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Geographical location was a more consistent source of compositional variability than the ontogenetic factor.
- Taxon
- Laurus nobilisLaurus nobilise0
- Outcome
- compositional variabilitye1
- Direction
- more consistente1
- Comparator
- ontogenetic factore1
- Setting
- geographical locatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) is among the most economically and pharmacologically significant aromatic plants cultivated in Türkiye”
e1“geographical location proved a more consistent source of compositional variability than the ontogenetic factor”