Abstract
IoT-powered climate intelligence is redefining protected hydroponics by delivering dynamic, real-time orchestration of temperature, humidity, and nutrient environments where even subtle micro-variations can decisively shape plant performance, yield potential, and system efficiency. This experiment, conducted in the Hi-Tech polyhouse at Lovely Professional University, Punjab, assessed the combined influence of IoT-regulated microclimate and nitrogen supply on hydroponic bokchoy (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). The experiment was conducted in a Split-Plot Design (SPD) with three replications, where three microclimatic regimes [MCC₁ (16–18°C; 80–85% RH), MCC₂ (21–23°C; 70–75% RH), and MCC₃ (26–28°C; 60–65% RH)] were assigned to the main plots, and three nitrogen levels [N₁ (100 ppm), N₂ (150 ppm), and N₃ (200 ppm)] were allocated to the sub-plots, resulting in nine treatment combinations. The IoT-based monitoring system demonstrated high precision (R² > 0.90), ensuring reliable environmental control. Growth, yield, and water productivity were significantly influenced by both factors and their interaction. A moderate regime of 21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogen consistently delivered superior outcomes, including earlier maturity, enhanced vegetative growth, higher yield (370 g plant⁻¹), and improved water productivity (118 g L⁻¹). In contrast, suboptimal combinations reduced productivity by nearly half. The findings emphasize that synchronized climate automation and balanced nitrogen management are essential for maximizing efficiency and sustainability in smart hydroponic systems.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The IoT monitoring system demonstrated high precision.
- Taxon
- bokchoy
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensist0 - Outcome
- precisione0
- Value
- R² > 0.90e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The IoT-based monitoring system demonstrated high precision (R² > 0.90)”
t0“Bokchoy Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Microclimate, nitrogen and their interaction significantly influenced growth, yield and water productivity.
- Taxon
- bokchoyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensist0
- Treatment
- both factors and their interactione0
- Outcome
- Growth, yield, and water productivitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth, yield, and water productivity were significantly influenced by both factors and their interaction.”
t0“Bokchoy Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The moderate climate and 150 ppm nitrogen combination produced earlier maturity.
- Taxon
- bokchoyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensist0
- Treatment
- 21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogene0
- Outcome
- maturitye0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A moderate regime of 21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogen consistently delivered superior outcomes, including earlier maturity”
t0“Bokchoy Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The moderate climate and 150 ppm nitrogen combination enhanced vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- bokchoyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensist0
- Treatment
- 21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogene0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A moderate regime of 21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogen consistently delivered superior outcomes, including earlier maturity, enhanced vegetative growth”
t0“Bokchoy Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The moderate climate and nitrogen combination yielded 370 g per plant.
- Taxon
- bokchoyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensist0
- Treatment
- 21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogene0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 370 g plant⁻¹e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogen consistently delivered superior outcomes, including earlier maturity, enhanced vegetative growth, higher yield (370 g plant⁻¹)”
t0“Bokchoy Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The moderate climate and nitrogen combination improved water productivity to 118 g per L.
- Taxon
- bokchoyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensist0
- Treatment
- 21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogene0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 118 g L⁻¹e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“21–23°C and 70–75% RH combined with 150 ppm nitrogen consistently delivered superior outcomes, including earlier maturity, enhanced vegetative growth, higher yield (370 g plant⁻¹), and improved water productivity (118 g L⁻¹)”
t0“Bokchoy Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Suboptimal combinations reduced productivity by nearly half.
- Taxon
- bokchoyBrassica rapa subsp. chinensist0
- Treatment
- suboptimal combinationse0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- nearly halfe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suboptimal combinations reduced productivity by nearly half”
t0“Bokchoy Crop”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.