Abstract
Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer regimes in conjunction with harvesting stage (HS) (booting and milking dough stages) may potentially boost the herbage yield and silage nutritional quality of winter forage cereals (WFCs), particularly in rainfed agroecosystems. A two-season field study was executed to optimize the doses of N (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg ha − 1 ) for WFCs (barley, oat, rye, and triticale) harvested at booting stage (BS) and milking dough stage (MDS) and to improve silage quality using additives (molasses and formic acid applied at 5 kg ton − 1 of biomass). The trial was conducted using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. Oats produced the maximum yield contributing traits and 42% higher fresh biomass yield under the N regime of 225 kg ha − 1 than the control at BS. Interestingly, at MDS, oat outperformed the rest of the WFCs under 225 kg ha − 1 N, which remained statistically comparable to 150 kg ha − 1 . The minimum biomass yield was noted for rye under control conditions at both HS. The fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was maximized across all WFCs at the lowest N dose, whereas oat consistently recorded the maximum FUE and water use efficiency (WUE) at both HS across seasons. Concerning the nutritional quality of silage, the maximum crude protein (CP) content was recorded for oat in response to the N 3 fertilization regime with additives, while triticale CP contents were equal at the same level of N and molasses, whereas rye recorded the minimum acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber along with the highest relative feed value in response to the highest N dose. Oat may be recommended as a superior forage crop because of the highest biomass productivity, particularly under high nitrogen input (225 kg ha − 1 ). Moreover, oat harvested at BS may be supplemented with molasses as an additive to maximize the crude protein content of silage.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Oat under 225 kg N per ha produced 42% higher fresh biomass yield than the control at the booting stage.
- Taxon
- Oats
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- N regime of 225 kg ha − 1e0
- Outcome
- fresh biomass yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Qualifier
- BSe0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oats produced the maximum yield contributing traits and 42% higher fresh biomass yield under the N regime of 225 kg ha − 1 than the control at BS”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat produced the maximum yield contributing traits.
- Taxon
- OatsAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- maximum yield contributing traitse0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oats produced the maximum yield contributing traits”
Claim · model-written summary
At the milking dough stage oat outperformed the other winter forage cereals under 225 kg N per ha.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- 225 kg ha − 1 Ne0
- Outcome
- outperformed the rest of the WFCse0
- Qualifier
- MDSe0
- Comparator
- the rest of the WFCse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at MDS, oat outperformed the rest of the WFCs under 225 kg ha − 1 N, which remained statistically comparable to 150 kg ha − 1”
Claim · model-written summary
In oat at the milking dough stage, 225 kg N per ha remained statistically comparable to 150 kg N per ha.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- 225 kg ha − 1 Ne0
- Outcome
- statistically comparablee0
- Direction
- statistically comparablee0
- Qualifier
- MDSe0
- Comparator
- 150 kg ha − 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at MDS, oat outperformed the rest of the WFCs under 225 kg ha − 1 N, which remained statistically comparable to 150 kg ha − 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye under control conditions had the minimum biomass yield at both harvesting stages.
- Taxon
- rye
Secale cerealee0 - Treatment
- control conditionse0
- Outcome
- minimum biomass yielde0
- Qualifier
- both HSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimum biomass yield was noted for rye under control conditions at both HS”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer use efficiency was maximized across all winter forage cereals at the lowest N dose.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was maximized across all WFCs at the lowest N dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat consistently recorded the maximum fertilizer use efficiency and water use efficiency at both harvesting stages across seasons.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- FUE and water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- both HS across seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oat consistently recorded the maximum FUE and water use efficiency (WUE) at both HS across seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat with the N3 fertilization regime plus additives had the maximum silage crude protein content.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- N 3 fertilization regime with additivese0
- Outcome
- maximum crude protein (CP) contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum crude protein (CP) content was recorded for oat in response to the N 3 fertilization regime with additives”
Claim · model-written summary
Triticale crude protein content was equal to that of oat at the same N level with molasses.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalee0 - Treatment
- same level of N and molassese0
- Outcome
- CP contents were equale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“triticale CP contents were equal at the same level of N and molasses”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye recorded the minimum acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber in response to the highest N dose.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- highest N dosee0
- Outcome
- acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fibere0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rye recorded the minimum acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber along with the highest relative feed value in response to the highest N dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye recorded the highest relative feed value in response to the highest N dose.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- highest N dosee0
- Outcome
- relative feed valuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rye recorded the minimum acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber along with the highest relative feed value in response to the highest N dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat may be recommended as a superior forage crop because of its highest biomass productivity, particularly under high nitrogen input of 225 kg per ha.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- high nitrogen input (225 kg ha − 1 )e0
- Outcome
- superior forage crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oat may be recommended as a superior forage crop because of the highest biomass productivity, particularly under high nitrogen input (225 kg ha − 1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat harvested at the booting stage may be supplemented with molasses to maximize silage crude protein content.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- supplemented with molassese0
- Outcome
- maximize the crude protein content of silagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oat harvested at BS may be supplemented with molasses as an additive to maximize the crude protein content of silage”