Abstract
Frequent pesticide applications have led to their widespread accumulation in agricultural soils. Pesticides can negatively impact plant symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia, which are recognized as key plant growth promoters. However, the long-term effects of intensive pesticide use on plant-microbe symbioses and the potential of symbionts to adapt are still poorly understood. To elucidate this, we collected soil from twelve conventional vineyards with intensive synthetic pesticide use and from twelve organic vineyards without synthetic pesticide use for at least ten years and conducted a greenhouse experiment with red clover. We assessed the impact of management history on plant growth, symbiont performance, and microbial adaptation to fresh application of a fungicide mixture across eight weeks including multiple sampling timepoints. Moreover, we tested the potential of AMF inoculation to mitigate pesticide effects. Soils with intensive pesticide use history yielded less plant biomass and lower AMF root colonization compared to organic soils. Fresh pesticide application temporarily reduced AMF root colonization and reduced nitrogen fixation at the final harvest. Consequently, plant biomass was also reduced. However, in soils with intensive pesticide use history, neither the AMF nor the rhizobia showed increased tolerance to the fresh application of pesticides, nor was dissipation of the pesticides accelerated. This implies that there was no long-term adaptation of plant symbionts and pesticide degraders to frequent pesticide applications. Inoculation with AMF generally had a positive effect on plant biomass, AMF root colonization, and nitrogen fixation. This was particularly evident in soils with poor performance, such as those with fresh pesticide application. The inoculated Rhizoglomus irregulare strain established better in soils with low natural AMF abundance and plant biomass. It mostly replaced other Rhizoglomus strains, as revealed by PacBio sequencing of the root AMF communities. Overall, our study indicates that pesticide use has both short-term and long-term impacts on the functioning of plant symbionts and that their long-term adaptation potential may be limited. While the reduction of pesticide exposure should be prioritized, inoculation of AMF could aid mitigating non-target effects from both historic and fresh pesticide use and restoring soil functioning.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soils with intensive pesticide history produced less plant biomass than organic soils.
- Taxon
- red clover
Trifolium pratensee1 - Treatment
- intensive pesticide use historye0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- organic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soils with intensive pesticide use history yielded less plant biomass and lower AMF root colonization compared to organic soils.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Soils with intensive pesticide history had lower AMF root colonization than organic soils.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- intensive pesticide use historye0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF root colonizatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- organic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soils with intensive pesticide use history yielded less plant biomass and lower AMF root colonization compared to organic soils.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh pesticide application temporarily reduced AMF root colonization.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- Fresh pesticide applicatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF root colonizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- temporarilye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fresh pesticide application temporarily reduced AMF root colonization”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh pesticide application reduced nitrogen fixation at final harvest.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- Fresh pesticide applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen fixatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at the final harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fresh pesticide application temporarily reduced AMF root colonization and reduced nitrogen fixation at the final harvest.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant biomass was reduced after fresh pesticide application.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- Fresh pesticide applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fresh pesticide application temporarily reduced AMF root colonization and reduced nitrogen fixation at the final harvest. Consequently, plant biomass was also reduced.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither AMF nor rhizobia showed increased pesticide tolerance in soils with intensive use history.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
- Setting
- soils with intensive pesticide use historye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in soils with intensive pesticide use history, neither the AMF nor the rhizobia showed increased tolerance to the fresh application of pesticides”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Pesticide dissipation was not accelerated in soils with intensive pesticide use history.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- dissipation of the pesticidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nor was dissipation of the pesticides accelerated”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased plant biomass.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF generally had a positive effect on plant biomass, AMF root colonization, and nitrogen fixation.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased AMF root colonization.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF root colonizatione0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF generally had a positive effect on plant biomass, AMF root colonization, and nitrogen fixation.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased nitrogen fixation.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen fixatione0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF generally had a positive effect on plant biomass, AMF root colonization, and nitrogen fixation.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculated Rhizoglomus irregulare strain established better where natural AMF abundance and plant biomass were low.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Interactor
- Rhizoglomus irregularee0symbiont
- Outcome
- establishede0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Setting
- soils with low natural AMF abundance and plant biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inoculated Rhizoglomus irregulare strain established better in soils with low natural AMF abundance and plant biomass.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated Rhizoglomus irregulare mostly replaced other Rhizoglomus strains.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Interactor
- Rhizoglomus strainse0symbiont
- Outcome
- replaced other Rhizoglomus strainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It mostly replaced other Rhizoglomus strains, as revealed by PacBio sequencing of the root AMF communities.”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend reducing pesticide exposure.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- reduction of pesticide exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduction of pesticide exposure should be prioritized”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest AMF inoculation to mitigate pesticide effects and restore soil functioning.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- mitigating non-target effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of AMF could aid mitigating non-target effects from both historic and fresh pesticide use and restoring soil functioning.”
e1“red clover”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.