Abstract
Root rot is a very destructive soil-borne disease severely affecting the quality and yield of common name Angelica sinensis in its main production region (Gansu Province, China). Here, a new Trichoderma asperellum strain M2 with broad-spectrum antifungal activity was assessed for its biocontrol effects against Angelica root rot. This fungal strain produces various hydrolases enzymes, notably cellulase (highest activity), and secreted 12.8 mg/L of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in a medium enriched with tryptophan. Scanning electron microscopy showed that M2's mycelium surrounded or parasitized the pathogen's mycelium, leading to the pathogens hyphae collapse, morphological fracture, and shrinkage. Pathogenicity test confirmed that M2 had significant control effect against Fusarium acuminatum, with its prior inoculation being more effective (maximal inhibition rate: 57.61%). Compared with the control, treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively, while also increasing their enzyme activity for catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by 12.82, 0.52, 1.57, and 3.7 times, respectively. A fermentation broth of strain M2 was highly effectively at degrading the neosolaniol (NEO) toxin, achieving a remarkable degradation rate of 87.14% after 11 days of treatment. Degradation ratios of the active cell component (49.40%) and extracellular component (33.6%) both significantly exceeded that of the intracellular component (24.2%), suggesting NEO removal mainly via biodegradation. Four products were identified by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) for NEO's degradation by the strain M2. This study's findings provide a fresh perspective and strategy for applying multi-functional T. asperellum M2 to the biological control of Angelica root rot.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Strain M2 produced hydrolases, with cellulase having the highest activity.
- Taxon
- Angelica sinensisAngelica sinensist0
- Interactor
- fungal straine0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- cellulase (highest activity)e0
Verbatim
e0“This fungal strain produces various hydrolases enzymes, notably cellulase (highest activity)”
t0“Angelica sinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain M2 secreted 12.8 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid in tryptophan enriched medium.
- Taxon
- Angelica sinensisAngelica sinensist0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum M2
Trichoderma asperellumt1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Value
- 12.8 mg/Le0
- Setting
- medium enriched with tryptophane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“secreted 12.8 mg/L of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in a medium enriched with tryptophan.”
t0“Angelica sinensis”
t1“Trichoderma asperellum M2 strain”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 mycelium surrounded or parasitized pathogen mycelium, collapsing and damaging hyphae.
- Taxon
- Angelica sinensisAngelica sinensist0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogens hyphae collapse, morphological fracture, and shrinkagee0
Verbatim
e0“M2's mycelium surrounded or parasitized the pathogen's mycelium, leading to the pathogens hyphae collapse, morphological fracture, and shrinkage.”
t0“Angelica sinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior M2 inoculation controlled Fusarium acuminatum with maximal inhibition of 57.61%.
- Taxon
- Angelica sinensisAngelica sinensist0
- Treatment
- prior inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Fusarium acuminatum
Fusarium acuminatume0pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition ratee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 57.61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M2 had significant control effect against Fusarium acuminatum, with its prior inoculation being more effective (maximal inhibition rate: 57.61%).”
t0“Angelica sinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 increased Angelica seedling height by 30.2% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 increased Angelica seedling root length by 67.0% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 increased Angelica seedling fresh weight by 33.5% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 increased Angelica seedling dry weight by 61.8% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 increased seedling catalase activity by 12.82 times.
- Taxon
- A. sinensisAngelica sinensise1
- Treatment
- strain M2e1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum M2Trichoderma asperellumt1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 12.82e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while also increasing their enzyme activity for catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by 12.82, 0.52, 1.57, and 3.7 times, respectively.”
t1“Trichoderma asperellum M2 strain”
e1“treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 increased seedling PAL activity by 0.52 times.
- Taxon
- A. sinensisAngelica sinensise1
- Treatment
- strain M2e1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum M2Trichoderma asperellumt1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 0.52e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while also increasing their enzyme activity for catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by 12.82, 0.52, 1.57, and 3.7 times, respectively.”
t1“Trichoderma asperellum M2 strain”
e1“treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 increased seedling POD activity by 1.57 times.
- Taxon
- A. sinensisAngelica sinensise1
- Treatment
- strain M2e1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum M2Trichoderma asperellumt1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 1.57e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while also increasing their enzyme activity for catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by 12.82, 0.52, 1.57, and 3.7 times, respectively.”
t1“Trichoderma asperellum M2 strain”
e1“treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 increased seedling PPO activity by 3.7 times.
- Taxon
- A. sinensisAngelica sinensise1
- Treatment
- strain M2e1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum M2Trichoderma asperellumt1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 3.7 timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while also increasing their enzyme activity for catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by 12.82, 0.52, 1.57, and 3.7 times, respectively.”
t1“Trichoderma asperellum M2 strain”
e1“treatment with strain M2 significantly increased the plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. sinensis seedlings by 30.2%, 67.0%, 33.5%, and 61.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M2 broth degraded neosolaniol toxin by 87.14% after 11 days.
- Taxon
- Angelica sinensisAngelica sinensist0
- Treatment
- fermentation broth of strain M2e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum M2Trichoderma asperellumt1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- degradation ratee0
- Direction
- degradinge0
- Value
- 87.14%e0
- Qualifier
- after 11 days of treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A fermentation broth of strain M2 was highly effectively at degrading the neosolaniol (NEO) toxin, achieving a remarkable degradation rate of 87.14% after 11 days of treatment.”
t0“Angelica sinensis”
t1“Trichoderma asperellum M2 strain”
Claim · model-written summary
The active cell component degraded 49.40% of NEO.
Verbatim
e0“Degradation ratios of the active cell component (49.40%) and extracellular component (33.6%) both significantly exceeded that of the intracellular component (24.2%), suggesting NEO removal mainly via biodegradation.”
t0“Angelica sinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracellular component degraded 33.6% of NEO.
Verbatim
e0“Degradation ratios of the active cell component (49.40%) and extracellular component (33.6%) both significantly exceeded that of the intracellular component (24.2%), suggesting NEO removal mainly via biodegradation.”
t0“Angelica sinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
The intracellular component degraded 24.2% of NEO.
- Taxon
- Angelica sinensisAngelica sinensist0
- Material
- intracellular componente0
- Outcome
- Degradation ratiose0
- Value
- 24.2%e0
Verbatim
e0“Degradation ratios of the active cell component (49.40%) and extracellular component (33.6%) both significantly exceeded that of the intracellular component (24.2%), suggesting NEO removal mainly via biodegradation.”
t0“Angelica sinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Four products of NEO degradation by M2 were identified.
- Taxon
- Angelica sinensisAngelica sinensist0
- Interactor
- strain M2e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Four productse0
Verbatim
e0“Four products were identified by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) for NEO's degradation by the strain M2.”
t0“Angelica sinensis”