Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Global crop losses caused by plant viruses, particularly tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), amount to billions of dollars per year, necessitating the urgent development of potent and environmentally friendly antiviral agents. RESULTS Twelve natural products were identified from P. strobilacea seeds. Among them, (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallate ( 1 ) showed higher anti‐TMV activity than ningnanmycin at 125–500 μg mL −1 , with inhibition rates of 49.36–80.27%, 39.34–70.28%, 33.48–63.13%, and 32.18–65.17% in inactivation, protective, curative, and resistance‐inducing assays, respectively. Compound 1 disrupted TMV particle integrity and reduced TMV‐CP gene expression. Molecular docking further suggested a potential interaction between 1 and TMV‐CP, with a predicted binding affinity of −7.5 kcal mol −1 through hydrogen‐bonding interactions. In addition, 1 enhanced salicylic acid accumulation, increased H₂O₂ levels, activated defense enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, and upregulated defense‐related genes including NPR1, PR1, PR2, PR5, and PAL. Lesion phenotype and relative electrical conductivity assays suggested that 1 induced a mild local HR‐like response with limited membrane damage. CONCLUSION These results suggest that (‐)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallate ( 1 ) is a promising lead compound for further development as both a direct‐acting antiviral agent and a plant immune elicitor against TMV. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve natural products were identified from seeds.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilacea
Platycarya strobilaceat0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- Twelve natural productse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve natural products were identified from P. strobilacea seeds.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Epicatechin 3 gallate had higher anti-TMV activity in the inactivation assay than ningnanmycin.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallatee0
- Interactor
- TMV
Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogent1 - Outcome
- anti‐TMV activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 49.36–80.27%e0
- Qualifier
- inactivatione0
- Comparator
- ningnanmycine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among them, (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallate ( 1 ) showed higher anti‐TMV activity than ningnanmycin at 125–500 μg mL −1 , with inhibition rates of 49.36–80.27%, 39.34–70.28%, 33.48–63.13%, and 32.18–65.17% in inactivation, protective, curative, and resistance‐inducing assays, respectively.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Epicatechin 3 gallate had higher anti-TMV activity in the protective assay than ningnanmycin.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallatee0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse0pathogent1
- Outcome
- anti‐TMV activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 39.34–70.28%e0
- Qualifier
- protectivee0
- Comparator
- ningnanmycine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among them, (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallate ( 1 ) showed higher anti‐TMV activity than ningnanmycin at 125–500 μg mL −1 , with inhibition rates of 49.36–80.27%, 39.34–70.28%, 33.48–63.13%, and 32.18–65.17% in inactivation, protective, curative, and resistance‐inducing assays, respectively.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Epicatechin 3 gallate had higher anti-TMV activity in the curative assay than ningnanmycin.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallatee0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse0pathogent1
- Outcome
- anti‐TMV activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 33.48–63.13%e0
- Qualifier
- curativee0
- Comparator
- ningnanmycine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among them, (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallate ( 1 ) showed higher anti‐TMV activity than ningnanmycin at 125–500 μg mL −1 , with inhibition rates of 49.36–80.27%, 39.34–70.28%, 33.48–63.13%, and 32.18–65.17% in inactivation, protective, curative, and resistance‐inducing assays, respectively.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Epicatechin 3 gallate had higher anti-TMV activity in the resistance‐inducing assay than ningnanmycin.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallatee0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse0pathogent1
- Outcome
- anti‐TMV activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 32.18–65.17%e0
- Qualifier
- resistance‐inducinge0
- Comparator
- ningnanmycine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among them, (−)‐Epicatechin 3‐gallate ( 1 ) showed higher anti‐TMV activity than ningnanmycin at 125–500 μg mL −1 , with inhibition rates of 49.36–80.27%, 39.34–70.28%, 33.48–63.13%, and 32.18–65.17% in inactivation, protective, curative, and resistance‐inducing assays, respectively.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 1 disrupted TMV particles.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- 1e0
- Outcome
- TMV particle integritye0
- Direction
- disruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compound 1 disrupted TMV particle integrity and reduced TMV‐CP gene expression.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 1 reduced TMV-CP expression.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- 1e0
- Outcome
- TMV‐CP gene expressione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compound 1 disrupted TMV particle integrity and reduced TMV‐CP gene expression.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 1 enhanced salicylic acid accumulation.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- 1e0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 enhanced salicylic acid accumulation, increased H₂O₂ levels, activated defense enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, and upregulated defense‐related genes including NPR1, PR1, PR2, PR5, and PAL.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 1 increased H₂O₂ levels.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- 1e0
- Outcome
- H₂O₂ levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 enhanced salicylic acid accumulation, increased H₂O₂ levels, activated defense enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, and upregulated defense‐related genes including NPR1, PR1, PR2, PR5, and PAL.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 1 activated defense enzymes.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- 1e1
- Outcome
- defense enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalasee0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activated defense enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
e1“1 enhanced salicylic acid accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 1 upregulated defense genes.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- 1e0
- Outcome
- defense‐related genes including NPR1, PR1, PR2, PR5, and PALe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulated defense‐related genes including NPR1, PR1, PR2, PR5, and PAL”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 1 induced a mild local HR-like response.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- 1e0
- Outcome
- mild local HR‐like responsee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 induced a mild local HR‐like response with limited membrane damage.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound 1 caused limited membrane damage.
- Taxon
- Platycarya strobilaceaPlatycarya strobilaceat0
- Treatment
- 1e0
- Outcome
- limited membrane damagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 induced a mild local HR‐like response with limited membrane damage.”
t0“Platycarya strobilacea”
t1“Platycarya strobilacea”