Paper · 2026 · Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science

Combined Effects of Water Shortage and CO 2 Enrichment on Yield and Water Use Properties of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes

Balázs Varga; Zsuzsanna Farkas; Máron György; et al.

10
claims
21
verbatim quotes
0
citations
2
research areas
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Open access · cc-by-nc-nd

Abstract

ABSTRACT A selection of winter barley genotypes was investigated for their responses to water shortage under different CO 2 concentrations in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a 2*2 factorial design. Plants were grown either with optimum water supply or simulated drought in the BBCH 59 stage at current (~400 ppm CO 2 ) or elevated CO 2 concentrations (~700 ppm CO 2 ) with identical climatic conditions. Yield parameters (aboveground biomass and grain yield), water use and water use efficiency (WUE; kg m −3 ) were calculated. Drought stress induced a decrease in yield production, and the rate of yield reduction was higher at 700 ppm CO 2 concentration. On average for the genotypes studied, water withdrawal resulted in a 20.01% and 22.0% reduction in grain yield at 400 ppm and 700 ppm CO 2 levels, respectively. Under optimum irrigation, BCC570, BCC607, Ketos, BCC887, HOR12808 and Kaskade showed significant positive CO 2 responses. Under a limited water supply, positive CO 2 reactions were only observed for BCC570, Ketos and BCC1585 genotypes; however, a significant positive CO 2 reaction regarding the yield production was observed for Panda. The carbon dioxide enrichment significantly increased water use efficiency under optimum watering conditions by 24.57% and drought‐stressed conditions by 21.72%. However, the water shortage significantly increased water use efficiency under both 400 ppm (10.48%) and 700 ppm (12.36%) CO 2 .

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 10

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Water withdrawal reduced grain yield by 20.01% at 400 ppm CO2.

Treatment
water withdrawale0
Outcome
grain yielde0
Direction
reductione0
Value
20.01%e0
Qualifier
400 ppme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“water withdrawal resulted in a 20.01% and 22.0% reduction in grain yield at 400 ppm and 700 ppm CO 2 levels, respectively.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 709–831 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Water withdrawal reduced grain yield by 22.0% at 700 ppm CO2.

Treatment
water withdrawale0
Outcome
grain yielde0
Direction
reductione0
Value
22.0%e0
Qualifier
700 ppme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“water withdrawal resulted in a 20.01% and 22.0% reduction in grain yield at 400 ppm and 700 ppm CO 2 levels, respectively.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 709–831 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

At optimum irrigation, BCC570, BCC607 and Ketos showed significant positive CO2 responses.

Material
BCC570, BCC607, Ketose0
Treatment
CO 2e0
Outcome
CO 2 responsese0
Direction
positivee0
Qualifier
Under optimum irrigatione0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Under optimum irrigation, BCC570, BCC607, Ketos, BCC887, HOR12808 and Kaskade showed significant positive CO 2 responses.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–953 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

At optimum irrigation, BCC887, HOR12808 and Kaskade showed significant positive CO2 responses.

Material
BCC887, HOR12808 and Kaskadee0
Treatment
CO 2e0
Outcome
CO 2 responsese0
Direction
positivee0
Qualifier
Under optimum irrigatione0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Under optimum irrigation, BCC570, BCC607, Ketos, BCC887, HOR12808 and Kaskade showed significant positive CO 2 responses.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–953 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

With limited water, BCC570, Ketos and BCC1585 showed positive CO2 responses.

Material
BCC570, Ketos and BCC1585e0
Treatment
CO 2e0
Outcome
CO 2 reactionse0
Direction
positivee0
Qualifier
Under a limited water supplye0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Under a limited water supply, positive CO 2 reactions were only observed for BCC570, Ketos and BCC1585 genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 954–1066 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

With limited water, Panda showed a significant positive CO2 yield response.

Material
Pandae0
Treatment
CO 2e0
Outcome
yield productione0
Direction
positivee0
Qualifier
Under a limited water supplye1

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“a significant positive CO 2 reaction regarding the yield production was observed for Panda.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1077–1168 · show in text ↑
e1

“Under a limited water supply”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 954–982 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

CO2 enrichment raised water use efficiency by 24.57% under optimum watering.

Treatment
carbon dioxide enrichmente0
Outcome
water use efficiencye0
Direction
increasede0
Value
24.57%e0
Qualifier
optimum watering conditionse0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The carbon dioxide enrichment significantly increased water use efficiency under optimum watering conditions by 24.57% and drought‐stressed conditions by 21.72%.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1169–1330 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

CO2 enrichment raised water use efficiency by 21.72% under drought stress.

Treatment
carbon dioxide enrichmente0
Outcome
water use efficiencye0
Direction
increasede0
Value
21.72%e0
Qualifier
drought‐stressed conditionse0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The carbon dioxide enrichment significantly increased water use efficiency under optimum watering conditions by 24.57% and drought‐stressed conditions by 21.72%.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1169–1330 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Water shortage raised water use efficiency by 10.48% at 400 ppm CO2.

Treatment
water shortagee0
Outcome
water use efficiencye0
Direction
increasede0
Value
10.48%e0
Qualifier
400 ppme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the water shortage significantly increased water use efficiency under both 400 ppm (10.48%) and 700 ppm (12.36%) CO 2 .”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1340–1459 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Water shortage raised water use efficiency by 12.36% at 700 ppm CO2.

Treatment
water shortagee0
Outcome
water use efficiencye0
Direction
increasede0
Value
12.36%e0
Qualifier
700 ppme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum vulgare · TaxonJackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the water shortage significantly increased water use efficiency under both 400 ppm (10.48%) and 700 ppm (12.36%) CO 2 .”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1340–1459 · show in text ↑
t0

“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–130 · show in text ↑

drought · physiology: water · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results differ

37 papers: 9 positive, 28 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 28 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. negative

33 papers more in this group

See all 37 papers →

co2 · yield · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results

25 papers: 20 positive, 5 negative or no effect

19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. no effect
  3. negative

21 papers more in this group

See all 25 papers →

co2 · physiology: water · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
See all 3 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.