Search claims · PlantClaims

Sampling Schemes for Estimating Populations of the Apple Aphid,Aphis pomi(Homoptera: Aphididae), on Apple1 2

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Counting only infested leaves per shoot decreased the accuracy of the aphid density assessment.

Taxon: appleMalus domesticae0
Interactor: Aphis pomiAphis pomie0pest
Outcome: accuracye4
Direction: decreasee4
Comparator: method of counting the number of aphids on the most infested leafe3

Verbatim

e0
“Various sampling schemes were evaluated for estimating the population size of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, on an apple tree”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–130

e3
“The method of counting the number of aphids on the most infested leaf provided the most accurate assessment of aphid density, but it required the most effort”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 442–599

e4
“Counting only the number of infested leaves per shoot resulted in a decrease in accuracy, but also a 4- to 8-fold decrease in the time required to sample”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 601–754

Title

Sampling Schemes for Estimating Populations of the Apple Aphid,Aphis pomi(Homoptera: Aphididae), on Apple1

Larry A. Hull; Jeffery W. Grimm Environmental Entomology 1983. doi:10.1093/ee/12.5.1581

Other claims from this paper (7)

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Counting only infested leaves per shoot reduced the time required to sample by 4- to 8-fold.

Taxon: appleMalus domesticae0
Interactor: Aphis pomiAphis pomie0pest
Outcome: time required to samplee4
Direction: decreasee4
Value: 4- to 8-folde4
Comparator: method of counting the number of aphids on the most infested leafe3

Verbatim

e0
“Various sampling schemes were evaluated for estimating the population size of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, on an apple tree”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–130

e3
“The method of counting the number of aphids on the most infested leaf provided the most accurate assessment of aphid density, but it required the most effort”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 442–599

e4
“Counting only the number of infested leaves per shoot resulted in a decrease in accuracy, but also a 4- to 8-fold decrease in the time required to sample”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 601–754

Title

Sampling Schemes for Estimating Populations of the Apple Aphid,Aphis pomi(Homoptera: Aphididae), on Apple1

Larry A. Hull; Jeffery W. Grimm Environmental Entomology 1983. doi:10.1093/ee/12.5.1581

Other claims from this paper (7)

Design and Performance Evaluation of Self-propelled Intra-Canopy Boom Spraying System 2

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

As forward speed rose, mean droplet density on the top fell from 277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2.

Taxon: soybean cropGlycine maxt0
Organ / stage: tope0
Treatment: increase in forwarding speede0
Outcome: mean droplet densitye0
Direction: decreaseinferrede0
Value: 277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2e0

Verbatim

e0
“With an increase in forwarding speed, the mean percentage of coverage decreased significantly (30.30 - 15.37 % for top and 20.01- 4.12 % for bottom part of the leaves), and the mean droplet density varied significantly (277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2 for top and 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2 for the bottom part of the leaves) at 5 % level of significance.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 703–1046

t0
“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 607–653

Title

Design and Performance Evaluation of Self-propelled Intra-Canopy Boom Spraying System

Bhabani Shankar Dash; Arun Kumar; Rajesh U. Modi; et al. Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 2020. doi:10.52151/jae2020573.1715

Other claims from this paper (14)

Method / resource Flat fan nozzles gave better boom volumetric distribution at 2.5 kgf.cm-2.
Method / resource Hollow cone nozzles gave better distribution at 2.0 kgf.cm-2 and 300 mm height.
Method / resource As forward speed rose, mean percentage of coverage on the top fell from 30.30 - 15.37 %.
Method / resource As forward speed rose, mean percentage of coverage on the bottom part of the leaves fell from 20.01- 4.12 %.
Method / resource As forward speed rose, mean droplet density on the bottom part of the leaves fell from 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2.
Method / resource At 1.5 km.h-1, top leaf coverage was 30.30%.
Method / resource At 1.5 km.h-1, bottom leaf coverage was 20.01%.
Method / resource Low speed increased spray volume relative to faster travel.
Method / resource Low speed reduced field capacity relative to faster travel.
Method / resource Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected mean droplet size.
Method / resource Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected number median diameter.
Method / resource Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected percentage coverage of leaf area.
Method / resource Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected droplet density.
Method / resource Field capacity ranged from 0.22 to 0.36 ha.h-1 as travel speed increased from 1.50 to 2.50 km.h-1.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

As forward speed rose, mean droplet density on the bottom part of the leaves fell from 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2.

Taxon: soybean cropGlycine maxt0
Organ / stage: bottom part of the leavese0
Treatment: increase in forwarding speede0
Outcome: mean droplet densitye0
Direction: decreaseinferrede0
Value: 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2e0

Verbatim

e0
“With an increase in forwarding speed, the mean percentage of coverage decreased significantly (30.30 - 15.37 % for top and 20.01- 4.12 % for bottom part of the leaves), and the mean droplet density varied significantly (277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2 for top and 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2 for the bottom part of the leaves) at 5 % level of significance.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 703–1046

t0
“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 607–653

Title

Design and Performance Evaluation of Self-propelled Intra-Canopy Boom Spraying System

Bhabani Shankar Dash; Arun Kumar; Rajesh U. Modi; et al. Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 2020. doi:10.52151/jae2020573.1715

Other claims from this paper (14)

Method / resource Flat fan nozzles gave better boom volumetric distribution at 2.5 kgf.cm-2.
Method / resource Hollow cone nozzles gave better distribution at 2.0 kgf.cm-2 and 300 mm height.
Method / resource As forward speed rose, mean percentage of coverage on the top fell from 30.30 - 15.37 %.
Method / resource As forward speed rose, mean percentage of coverage on the bottom part of the leaves fell from 20.01- 4.12 %.
Method / resource As forward speed rose, mean droplet density on the top fell from 277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2.
Method / resource At 1.5 km.h-1, top leaf coverage was 30.30%.
Method / resource At 1.5 km.h-1, bottom leaf coverage was 20.01%.
Method / resource Low speed increased spray volume relative to faster travel.
Method / resource Low speed reduced field capacity relative to faster travel.
Method / resource Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected mean droplet size.
Method / resource Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected number median diameter.
Method / resource Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected percentage coverage of leaf area.
Method / resource Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected droplet density.
Method / resource Field capacity ranged from 0.22 to 0.36 ha.h-1 as travel speed increased from 1.50 to 2.50 km.h-1.

High-quality faba bean reference transcripts generated using PacBio and Illumina RNA-seq data 2

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Scaffold ordering with two high-density genetic maps increased faba bean chromosome length to 14.28 Mbp

Taxon: faba beanVicia fabat0
Outcome: lengthe1
Direction: increasede1
Value: 14.28 Mbpe1

Verbatim

t0
“faba bean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 13–22

e1
“Two high-density genetic maps were used to conduct the scaffold ordering and orientation of faba bean, culminating in an increased length (i.e., 14.28 Mbp) of chromosomes and a decrease in the number of scaffolds by 45”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 223–441

Title

High-quality faba bean reference transcripts generated using PacBio and Illumina RNA-seq data

Na Zhao; Enqiang Zhou; Yamei Miao; et al. Scientific Data 2024. doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03204-4

Other claims from this paper (9)

Method / resource Scaffold ordering decreased the number of faba bean scaffolds by 45
Method / resource PacBio and Illumina RNA-seq datasets from 37 samples allowed identification and correction of 121,606 transcripts
Method / resource RNA-seq data predicted 15,640 alternative splicing events in faba bean
Method / resource RNA-seq data predicted 2,148 lncRNAs in faba bean
Method / resource RNA-seq data predicted 1,752 fusion transcripts in faba bean
Method / resource Compared with the reference genome, 38,850 new faba bean genes were identified
Method / resource Compared with the reference genome, 56,188 new faba bean transcripts were identified
Method / resource The integrated faba bean transcriptome sequence contains 103,267 transcripts
Method / resource The integrated faba bean transcriptome is derived from 54,753 uni-genes

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Scaffold ordering decreased the number of faba bean scaffolds by 45

Taxon: faba beanVicia fabat0
Outcome: number of scaffoldse1
Direction: decreasee1
Value: 45e1

Verbatim

t0
“faba bean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 13–22

e1
“Two high-density genetic maps were used to conduct the scaffold ordering and orientation of faba bean, culminating in an increased length (i.e., 14.28 Mbp) of chromosomes and a decrease in the number of scaffolds by 45”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 223–441

Title

High-quality faba bean reference transcripts generated using PacBio and Illumina RNA-seq data

Na Zhao; Enqiang Zhou; Yamei Miao; et al. Scientific Data 2024. doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03204-4

Other claims from this paper (9)

Method / resource Scaffold ordering with two high-density genetic maps increased faba bean chromosome length to 14.28 Mbp
Method / resource PacBio and Illumina RNA-seq datasets from 37 samples allowed identification and correction of 121,606 transcripts
Method / resource RNA-seq data predicted 15,640 alternative splicing events in faba bean
Method / resource RNA-seq data predicted 2,148 lncRNAs in faba bean
Method / resource RNA-seq data predicted 1,752 fusion transcripts in faba bean
Method / resource Compared with the reference genome, 38,850 new faba bean genes were identified
Method / resource Compared with the reference genome, 56,188 new faba bean transcripts were identified
Method / resource The integrated faba bean transcriptome sequence contains 103,267 transcripts
Method / resource The integrated faba bean transcriptome is derived from 54,753 uni-genes

FPGA-Accelerated Machine Learning for Computational Environmental Information Processing in IoT-Integrated High-Density Nanosensor Networks 2

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Overall energy consumption fell 18% against baseline control.

Outcome: overall energy consumptione0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 18%e0
Comparator: baseline rule-based controle0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“outperformed the baseline rule-based control with a 28% increase in fresh biomass, a 22% improvement in dry matter accumulation, a 25% reduction in actuator duty-cycle switching, and an 18% decrease in overall energy consumption.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1400–1629

Title

FPGA-Accelerated Machine Learning for Computational Environmental Information Processing in IoT-Integrated High-Density Nanosensor Networks

Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla; Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali; Asma Ibrahim Gamar Eldeen; et al. Information 2026. doi:10.3390/info17040354

Other claims from this paper (9)

Method / resource The control model achieved R2 of 0.985.
Method / resource The control model achieved temperature RMSE of 0.28 °C.
Method / resource The IoT gateway had mean communication latency of 140 ms.
Method / resource The IoT gateway had packet delivery reliability of 99.8%.
Method / resource The control system maintained temperature within ±0.3 °C of its setpoint.
Method / resource The control system maintained humidity within ±1.2% of its setpoint.
Intervention effect Pepper fresh biomass increased 28% over baseline rule-based control.
Intervention effect Pepper dry matter accumulation improved 22% over baseline rule-based control.
Method / resource Actuator duty-cycle switching fell 25% against baseline control.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Actuator duty-cycle switching fell 25% against baseline control.

Outcome: actuator duty-cycle switchinge0
Direction: reductione0
Value: 25%e0
Comparator: baseline rule-based controle0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“outperformed the baseline rule-based control with a 28% increase in fresh biomass, a 22% improvement in dry matter accumulation, a 25% reduction in actuator duty-cycle switching, and an 18% decrease in overall energy consumption.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1400–1629

Title

FPGA-Accelerated Machine Learning for Computational Environmental Information Processing in IoT-Integrated High-Density Nanosensor Networks

Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla; Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali; Asma Ibrahim Gamar Eldeen; et al. Information 2026. doi:10.3390/info17040354

Other claims from this paper (9)

Method / resource The control model achieved R2 of 0.985.
Method / resource The control model achieved temperature RMSE of 0.28 °C.
Method / resource The IoT gateway had mean communication latency of 140 ms.
Method / resource The IoT gateway had packet delivery reliability of 99.8%.
Method / resource The control system maintained temperature within ±0.3 °C of its setpoint.
Method / resource The control system maintained humidity within ±1.2% of its setpoint.
Intervention effect Pepper fresh biomass increased 28% over baseline rule-based control.
Intervention effect Pepper dry matter accumulation improved 22% over baseline rule-based control.
Method / resource Overall energy consumption fell 18% against baseline control.

Evaluation of binomial sequential classification sampling plan for leafmine ofLiriomyza trifolii(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in greenhouse tomatoes 1

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Yield relationship yielded action thresholds of three and seven leafmines per leaf.

Taxon: tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
Interactor: Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliit0pest
Outcome: action thresholdse0
Value: three and seven leafmines per tomato leafe0

Verbatim

e0
“Two action thresholds (m AT), three and seven leafmines per tomato leaf, were set by examining the relationship between the leafmine density and the decrease in the tomato yield.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 202–380

t0
“Liriomyza trifolii(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in greenhouse tomatoes”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 78–141

Title

Evaluation of binomial sequential classification sampling plan for leafmine ofLiriomyza trifolii(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in greenhouse tomatoes

Doo Hyung Lee; Jung-Joon Park; Joon-Ho Lee; et al. International Journal of Pest Management 2006. doi:10.1080/09670870601105956

Other claims from this paper (7)

Method / resource Model fit improved up to T = 5 then stabilized.
Method / resource Sampling plan robustness improved with T, with negligible gains at T ≥ 3.
Method / resource Simulation identified T = 3 as optimal.
Method / resource Fewer than 70 samples classified leafmine counts relative to either action threshold.
Method / resource Resampling performance exceeded that expected from OC and ASN functions.
Method / resource Correct classification reached at least 99%.
Method / resource Matching sample size was below 57.

Nutrient use efficiency and precision management of nematodes - concepts and possibilities. 1

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Method / resourceauthor interpretationreview summarybasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

A fertilizer use efficiency model distinguishes four categories of FUE for host and nematode outcomes.

Taxon: plant (host)e2
Interactor: nematodeNematodae1pest
Outcome: four categories of FUEe1
Value: four categoriese1

Verbatim

e1
“it is possible to distinguish four categories of FUE: efficient for (A) host and nematode, (B) host, (C) nematode, and (D) neither”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 921–1051

e2
“FUE is defined as increase in plant (host) productivity and/ or decrease in nematode population density”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 445–548

Title

Nutrient use efficiency and precision management of nematodes - concepts and possibilities.

Haddish Melakeberhan Nematologia Brasileira 2008

Other claims from this paper (2)

Zwiększenie efektywności inwentaryzacji lasu metodą losowania warstwowego 1

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Stratifying regeneration-class stands by density reduced volume variability by 9 to 20%.

Taxon: standse0
Outcome: volume variabilitye0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 9 to 20%e0

Verbatim

e0
“Dividing strata consisted of stands in regeneration class according to stand density index allowed to decrease the volume variability from 9 to 20%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1418–1565

Title

Zwiększenie efektywności inwentaryzacji lasu metodą losowania warstwowego

Banaś, Jan; Drozd, Marek; Zięba, Stanisław; et al. Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne 2017. doi:10.26202/sylwan.2017074

Other claims from this paper (7)

Observation Tree volume did not differ significantly between sites for stands up to 70 years old.
Observation Tree volume differed significantly between sites in older stands.
Method / resource Site-based substrata in stands older than 70 years reduced volume variability by 10 to 57%.
Observation Mean tree volume on similar sites did not differ significantly among subdistricts in a forest district.
Method / resource Forest-district strata were larger and had more plots than subdistrict strata.
Method / resource District-wide stratification significantly reduced volume standard error.
Method / resource District-wide stratification improved forest-inventory effectiveness.

Iodixanol density gradients as an effective phytoplasma enrichment approach to improve genome sequencing 1

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Enrichment decreased potato host genomic reads by about 1.7-fold.

Taxon: potatoSolanum tuberosume1
Outcome: host genomic readse0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: ∼1.7-folde0
Comparator: DNA extracted from the same sample without density gradient centrifugation enrichmente0

Verbatim

e0
“a ∼1.7-fold decrease in host genomic reads compared to the DNA extracted from the same sample without density gradient centrifugation enrichment.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 563–708

e1
“potato infected with a ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia’-related strain”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 429–504

Title

Iodixanol density gradients as an effective phytoplasma enrichment approach to improve genome sequencing

Bianca Rodrigues Jardim; Lucy T. T. Tran-Nguyen; Cherie Gambley; et al. Frontiers in Microbiology 2022. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.937648

Other claims from this paper (9)

Method / resource Enrichment increased phytoplasma HTS reads from infected potato by about 14-fold.
Method / resource Enrichment increased potato phytoplasma assembly size by about 15,000 bp.
Method / resource Enrichment increased potato phytoplasma assembly N50 by about 14,800 bp.
Method / resource Enrichment produced about threefold more phytoplasma reads in capsicum.
Method / resource Enrichment produced about twofold fewer host genomic reads in capsicum.
Method / resource Enrichment increased capsicum phytoplasma genome assembly size by about 137,000 bp.
Method / resource Enrichment increased capsicum phytoplasma assembly N50 by about 4,000 bp.
Method / resource Phytoplasmas from potato and capsicum were enriched at a density of 1.049–1.058 g/ml.
Method / resource The authors provide two contiguous phytoplasma reference genomes from infected Solanaceae hosts.

High-Density Linkage Maps from Japanese Rice japonica Recombinant Inbred Lines Using Genotyping by Random Amplicon Sequencing-Direct (GRAS-Di) 1

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Integrating GRAS-Di and GoldenGate markers decreased average intermarker genetic distance in four RIL populations.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Outcome: average genetic distance between markerse0
Direction: decreasee0
Comparator: both linkage mapse0

Verbatim

e0
“the average genetic distance between markers showed a clear decrease in the four RIL populations when we integrated markers of both linkage maps.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1338–1483

t0
“Japanese Rice japonica Recombinant Inbred Lines”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 31–78

Title

High-Density Linkage Maps from Japanese Rice japonica Recombinant Inbred Lines Using Genotyping by Random Amplicon Sequencing-Direct (GRAS-Di)

Rym Fekih; Yohei Ishimaru; Satoshi Okada; et al. Plants 2023. doi:10.3390/plants12040929

Other claims from this paper (11)

Method / resource GRAS-Di generated 438.7 Mbp of called bases for RIL71.
Method / resource GRAS-Di generated 440 Mbp of called bases for RIL98.
Method / resource GRAS-Di generated 403.1 Mbp of called bases for RIL16.
Method / resource GRAS-Di generated 392 Mbp of called bases for RIL91.
Method / resource Genotyping identified 1050 markers in RIL71.
Method / resource Genotyping identified 1285 markers in RIL98.
Method / resource Genotyping identified 1708 markers in RIL16.
Method / resource Genotyping identified 1704 markers in RIL91.
Method / resource The markers localized five heading-date QTLs on chromosomes 3, 6 and 7 corresponding to Hd1, Hd2, Hd6, Hd16 and Hd17.
Method / resource GRAS-Di provided low-cost efficient genotyping for closely related Japanese rice cultivars.
Method / resource GRAS-Di enabled generation of a high-density linkage map.

Addressing biases in replacement series: the importance of reference density selection for interpretation of competition outcomes 1

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmixedmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Inflection-point densities allowed both species to increase or decrease biomass across mixtures.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse1
Outcome: biomass productione0
Direction: increases or decreasese0
Comparator: smaller speciese0

Verbatim

e0
“functional densities at which the biomass accumulation inflection point for the smaller species allowed both species to exhibit either increases or decreases in biomass production depending on competitive interactions for all interspecific mixtures”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1086–1334

e1
“maize ( Zea mays L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 755–775

Title

Addressing biases in replacement series: the importance of reference density selection for interpretation of competition outcomes

Ramon G. Leon; Fernando H. Oreja; Steven B. Mirsky; et al. Weed Science 2023. doi:10.1017/wsc.2023.53

Other claims from this paper (5)

Method / resource Reference density criteria substantially changed inferred competitive interactions.
Method / resource The maximum-biomass model favored the larger species and nearly inhibited growth of the smaller species.
Method / resource The nitrogen-uptake equivalency model produced interactions closer to neutral competition.
Method / resource The biomass inflection-point model was the most sensitive and informative across mixtures.
Recommendation Reference density selection should meet sensitivity and within-species competition criteria.

“decrease in density”

Claim types

Direction of the findings

Over time

Claim type

Research area

Polarity

Statistics

Sampling Schemes for Estimating Populations of the Apple Aphid,Aphis pomi(Homoptera: Aphididae), on Apple1 2

Design and Performance Evaluation of Self-propelled Intra-Canopy Boom Spraying System 2

High-quality faba bean reference transcripts generated using PacBio and Illumina RNA-seq data 2

FPGA-Accelerated Machine Learning for Computational Environmental Information Processing in IoT-Integrated High-Density Nanosensor Networks 2

Evaluation of binomial sequential classification sampling plan for leafmine ofLiriomyza trifolii(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in greenhouse tomatoes 1

Nutrient use efficiency and precision management of nematodes - concepts and possibilities. 1

Zwiększenie efektywności inwentaryzacji lasu metodą losowania warstwowego 1

Iodixanol density gradients as an effective phytoplasma enrichment approach to improve genome sequencing 1

High-Density Linkage Maps from Japanese Rice japonica Recombinant Inbred Lines Using Genotyping by Random Amplicon Sequencing-Direct (GRAS-Di) 1

Addressing biases in replacement series: the importance of reference density selection for interpretation of competition outcomes 1