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“dry weight decrease”

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paper W4414134453 ✕

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root biomass.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: Cr toxicitye0
Outcome: shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weighte0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Cr toxicity induced a substantial decrease in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 755–929

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–54

Title

Mitigating chromium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) via PGPR: insights into rhizosphere microbiome, antioxidants and oxidative stress responses

Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; Rana M. Alshegaihi; Muna Abdul-Rahman Al-Malki; et al. Plant Growth Regulation 2025. doi:10.1007/s10725-025-01390-8

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root growth and leaf traits.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice pigments.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice gas exchange.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice sugar contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced calcium, magnesium and iron contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced phosphorus content.
Observation Chromium stress increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
Observation Chromium stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Observation Chromium stress increased gene expression and sugar content.
Observation Proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle and cellular pigmentation increased significantly.
Intervention effect Paenibacillus polymyxa alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Pseudomonas putida alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Association Antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in treated plants and was linked by the authors to lower MDA and hydrogen peroxide.
Intervention effect PGPR application increased rhizosphere bacterial abundance and diversity.
Observation Daily chromium intake and associated health risks declined under the treatments.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root growth and leaf traits.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: Cr toxicitye0
Outcome: shoot length, root length, number of leavese0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Cr toxicity induced a substantial decrease in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 755–929

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–54

Title

Mitigating chromium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) via PGPR: insights into rhizosphere microbiome, antioxidants and oxidative stress responses

Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; Rana M. Alshegaihi; Muna Abdul-Rahman Al-Malki; et al. Plant Growth Regulation 2025. doi:10.1007/s10725-025-01390-8

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root biomass.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice pigments.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice gas exchange.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice sugar contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced calcium, magnesium and iron contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced phosphorus content.
Observation Chromium stress increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
Observation Chromium stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Observation Chromium stress increased gene expression and sugar content.
Observation Proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle and cellular pigmentation increased significantly.
Intervention effect Paenibacillus polymyxa alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Pseudomonas putida alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Association Antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in treated plants and was linked by the authors to lower MDA and hydrogen peroxide.
Intervention effect PGPR application increased rhizosphere bacterial abundance and diversity.
Observation Daily chromium intake and associated health risks declined under the treatments.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromium toxicity reduced rice pigments.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: Cr toxicitye0
Outcome: chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophylle0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Cr toxicity induced a substantial decrease in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 755–998

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–54

Title

Mitigating chromium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) via PGPR: insights into rhizosphere microbiome, antioxidants and oxidative stress responses

Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; Rana M. Alshegaihi; Muna Abdul-Rahman Al-Malki; et al. Plant Growth Regulation 2025. doi:10.1007/s10725-025-01390-8

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root growth and leaf traits.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root biomass.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice gas exchange.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice sugar contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced calcium, magnesium and iron contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced phosphorus content.
Observation Chromium stress increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
Observation Chromium stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Observation Chromium stress increased gene expression and sugar content.
Observation Proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle and cellular pigmentation increased significantly.
Intervention effect Paenibacillus polymyxa alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Pseudomonas putida alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Association Antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in treated plants and was linked by the authors to lower MDA and hydrogen peroxide.
Intervention effect PGPR application increased rhizosphere bacterial abundance and diversity.
Observation Daily chromium intake and associated health risks declined under the treatments.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromium toxicity reduced rice gas exchange.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: Cr toxicitye0
Outcome: net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration ratee0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Cr toxicity induced a substantial decrease in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 755–1060

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–54

Title

Mitigating chromium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) via PGPR: insights into rhizosphere microbiome, antioxidants and oxidative stress responses

Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; Rana M. Alshegaihi; Muna Abdul-Rahman Al-Malki; et al. Plant Growth Regulation 2025. doi:10.1007/s10725-025-01390-8

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root growth and leaf traits.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root biomass.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice pigments.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice sugar contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced calcium, magnesium and iron contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced phosphorus content.
Observation Chromium stress increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
Observation Chromium stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Observation Chromium stress increased gene expression and sugar content.
Observation Proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle and cellular pigmentation increased significantly.
Intervention effect Paenibacillus polymyxa alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Pseudomonas putida alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Association Antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in treated plants and was linked by the authors to lower MDA and hydrogen peroxide.
Intervention effect PGPR application increased rhizosphere bacterial abundance and diversity.
Observation Daily chromium intake and associated health risks declined under the treatments.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromium toxicity reduced rice sugar contents.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: Cr toxicitye0
Outcome: soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar contentse0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Cr toxicity induced a substantial decrease in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar contents”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 755–1120

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–54

Title

Mitigating chromium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) via PGPR: insights into rhizosphere microbiome, antioxidants and oxidative stress responses

Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; Rana M. Alshegaihi; Muna Abdul-Rahman Al-Malki; et al. Plant Growth Regulation 2025. doi:10.1007/s10725-025-01390-8

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root growth and leaf traits.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root biomass.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice pigments.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice gas exchange.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced calcium, magnesium and iron contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced phosphorus content.
Observation Chromium stress increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
Observation Chromium stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Observation Chromium stress increased gene expression and sugar content.
Observation Proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle and cellular pigmentation increased significantly.
Intervention effect Paenibacillus polymyxa alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Pseudomonas putida alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Association Antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in treated plants and was linked by the authors to lower MDA and hydrogen peroxide.
Intervention effect PGPR application increased rhizosphere bacterial abundance and diversity.
Observation Daily chromium intake and associated health risks declined under the treatments.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromium toxicity reduced phosphorus content.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: Cr toxicitye0
Outcome: phosphorus (P) contentse0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Cr toxicity induced a substantial decrease in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar contents, calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), iron (Fe 2+ ), …” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 755–1216

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–54

Title

Mitigating chromium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) via PGPR: insights into rhizosphere microbiome, antioxidants and oxidative stress responses

Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; Rana M. Alshegaihi; Muna Abdul-Rahman Al-Malki; et al. Plant Growth Regulation 2025. doi:10.1007/s10725-025-01390-8

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root growth and leaf traits.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root biomass.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice pigments.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice gas exchange.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice sugar contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced calcium, magnesium and iron contents.
Observation Chromium stress increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
Observation Chromium stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Observation Chromium stress increased gene expression and sugar content.
Observation Proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle and cellular pigmentation increased significantly.
Intervention effect Paenibacillus polymyxa alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Pseudomonas putida alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Association Antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in treated plants and was linked by the authors to lower MDA and hydrogen peroxide.
Intervention effect PGPR application increased rhizosphere bacterial abundance and diversity.
Observation Daily chromium intake and associated health risks declined under the treatments.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromium toxicity reduced calcium, magnesium and iron contents.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: Cr toxicitye0
Outcome: calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), iron (Fe 2+ )e0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Cr toxicity induced a substantial decrease in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar contents, calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), iron (Fe 2+ )”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 755–1173

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–54

Title

Mitigating chromium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) via PGPR: insights into rhizosphere microbiome, antioxidants and oxidative stress responses

Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; Rana M. Alshegaihi; Muna Abdul-Rahman Al-Malki; et al. Plant Growth Regulation 2025. doi:10.1007/s10725-025-01390-8

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root growth and leaf traits.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice shoot and root biomass.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice pigments.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice gas exchange.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced rice sugar contents.
Observation Chromium toxicity reduced phosphorus content.
Observation Chromium stress increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
Observation Chromium stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Observation Chromium stress increased gene expression and sugar content.
Observation Proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle and cellular pigmentation increased significantly.
Intervention effect Paenibacillus polymyxa alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Intervention effect Pseudomonas putida alleviated chromium toxicity by improving photosynthesis and growth.
Association Antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in treated plants and was linked by the authors to lower MDA and hydrogen peroxide.
Intervention effect PGPR application increased rhizosphere bacterial abundance and diversity.
Observation Daily chromium intake and associated health risks declined under the treatments.

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“dry weight decrease”

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