By research area › Breeding, agronomy & horticulture › Method / resource

Method / resourceauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sweep-rake harvesting could reduce hay harvesting labor by about 50 per cent compared with common eastern methods.

Taxon: Hayt0
Outcome: labor required in harvesting haye0
Direction: reducinge0
Value: about 50 per cente0
Comparator: methods now commonly used in the Easte0

Verbatim

t0
“Harvesting Hay”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–14

e0
“The sweep-rake offers the possibility of reducing by the about 50 per cent the labor required in harvesting hay compared with the methods now commonly used in the East.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1–169

Title

Harvesting Hay with the Sweep-Rake: A Means by Which Eastern Hay-Growers May Save Labor

Arnold P. Yerkes; H. B. McClure University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) 1917

Other claims from this paper (4)

Recommendation The sweep-rake was deemed practicable in many eastern sections.
Observation The sweep-rake was comparatively inexpensive and required little for repairs.
Observation The sweep-rake eliminated much hand labor.
Observation A boy able to drive a team could do the same sweep-rake work as a man.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Accurate kernel-density determination requires removal of mechanically held air.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Outcome: Accurate determination of kernel densitye0
Comparator: mechanically held aire0

Verbatim

e0
“Accurate determination of kernel density must include the complete removal of all mechanically held air.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 211–315

t0
“Wheat Kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–68

Title

The Relation of Certain Physical Characteristics of the Wheat Kernel to Milling Quality

C. H. Bailey The Journal of Agricultural Science 1916. doi:10.1017/s0021859600002343

Other claims from this paper (1)

Association Within a wheat type or variety, kernel volume varies directly with potential flour yield.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Within-family fluctuation exceeded real family differences, but replication distinguished them.

Taxon: Sugar-BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
Outcome: real differences were distinguishablee0
Comparator: fluctuations of beet familiese0

Verbatim

e0
“The fluctuations of beet families planted in progeny rows in alternation with check rows exceeded their real differences, but real differences were distinguishable by the use of a large number of replications”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 413–621

t0
“Sugar-Beet”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 30–40

Title

Some Recent Investigations in Sugar-Beet Breeding

Frederick J. Pritchard Botanical Gazette 1916. doi:10.1086/331958

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Individual beet root size and sugar content differences showed no evidence of inheritance.
Association Sugar percentage or quantity in ordinary-sized roots did not correlate with seed yield.
Association Seed yield did not correlate with mean progeny sugar percentage.
Observation Areas within an apparently uniform field differed by 2 per cent sugar.
Association Sugar percentage and sugar yield varied independently among sugar-beet rows.
Recommendation The authors recommend grading progeny rows by both sugar percentage and sugar yield or extractable sugar yield.
Association Mean root weight per row increased with sugar yield.
Association Mean root weight per row decreased with sugar percentage.
Intervention effect Stopping selection for one generation caused no deterioration in sugar percentage and an apparent gain.
Intervention effect Continuous selection did not improve sugar yield or sugar percentage.
Observation Good and poor beet families both transmitted average qualities.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

All species and seventy named garden varieties were introduced into the Arboretum.

Taxon: Japanese Cherriest0
Outcome: introduction into the Arboretume0
Value: seventy different named garden varietiese0

Verbatim

e0
“The introduction into the Arboretum of plants of all the species and of seventy different named garden varieties is one of the results of this journey.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 757–908

t0
“Japanese Cherries”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–17

Title

Japanese Cherries

NA Bulletin of popular information - Arnold Arboretum Harvard University 1916. doi:10.5962/p.320465

Other claims from this paper (4)

Method / resourceauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Recently developed crimson-clover seed strippers make wider use of the crop practicable.

Taxon: crimson-clovere0
Outcome: a much wider utilization of this crope0
Comparator: heretoforee0

Verbatim

e0
“The recent development of crimson-clover seed strippers to gather seed for reseeding local areas makes practicable a much wider utilization of this crop than heretofore”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1–169

Title

Crimson Clover: Seed Production

J. M. Westgate University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) 1915

Other claims from this paper (1)

Method / resource Two simple seed-gathering devices allow farmers to gather crimson clover seed in the hull for later sowing.

Method / resourceauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Two simple seed-gathering devices allow farmers to gather crimson clover seed in the hull for later sowing.

Taxon: crimson clovere0
Outcome: gather it in the hull, and immediately bag and house it for sowing later in the seasone0
Value: twoe0

Verbatim

e0
“there have been developed recently two simple types of seed-gathering devices which will make it practicable for every farmer to let a portion of his crimson clover stand for seed, gather it in the hull, and immediately bag and house it for sowing later in the season”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 241–508

Title

Crimson Clover: Seed Production

J. M. Westgate University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) 1915

Other claims from this paper (1)

Method / resource Recently developed crimson-clover seed strippers make wider use of the crop practicable.

Method / resourceauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Terminal bud formation and leaf fall indicate maturity fairly accurately, with some exceptions.

Taxon: appleMalus domesticat0
Organ / stage: terminal budse0
Outcome: maturitye0
Qualifier: except in case of a few varietiese0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“By noting the formation of terminal buds and the time of leaf fall a pretty accurate idea of maturity can be secured, except in case of a few varieties.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1757–1909

t0
“apple”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 17–22

Title

Hardiness in the apple as correlated with structure and composition

S. A. Beach; F. W. Allen Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) 1915

Other claims from this paper (19)

Association Hardness tests showed some correlation with hardiness, with exceptions.
Association Northern twigs generally were no harder than twigs from Iowa or farther south.
Association Dry wood specific gravity closely corresponded with mechanical hardness tests.
Association Twigs of the same variety varied in specific gravity across sources.
Observation Twigs of the same variety and source gave fairly uniform test results.
Association Twig specific gravity varied with position along the twig.
Observation Tenderer, later maturing varieties had greatest specific gravity near the tip.
Association Earlier maturing varieties increased in specific gravity farther from the tip.
Association Wood maturity when cold starts strongly affects cold hardiness.
Association Hardier varieties averaged slightly less moisture than tenderer varieties.
Association Tenderer varieties evaporated water more readily than hardy varieties.
Observation After very cold weather, hardy varieties generally held the most twig moisture.
Mechanism Bark thickness and structure partly explained evaporation rate.
Observation Most hardy varieties stored abundant starch in pith and medullary rays, except Malus ioensis.
Association Large, thick petals were correlated with hardiness.
Intervention effect A sudden temperature drop was more injurious than the absolute degree of cold.
Intervention effect All twigs not previously dried were injured at -10 degrees F. for 20 minutes.
Observation Hardier varieties had less freezing injury than tenderer varieties.
Method / resource No single test could yet predict constitutional hardiness of an apple seedling.

Method / resourceauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

No single test could yet predict constitutional hardiness of an apple seedling.

Taxon: appleMalus domesticat0
Outcome: degree of constitutional hardinesse0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“it is impossible to name anyone test by which the degree of constitutional hardiness of a seedling apple may be foretold.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 3401–3522

t0
“apple”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 17–22

Title

Hardiness in the apple as correlated with structure and composition

S. A. Beach; F. W. Allen Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) 1915

Other claims from this paper (19)

Association Hardness tests showed some correlation with hardiness, with exceptions.
Association Northern twigs generally were no harder than twigs from Iowa or farther south.
Association Dry wood specific gravity closely corresponded with mechanical hardness tests.
Association Twigs of the same variety varied in specific gravity across sources.
Observation Twigs of the same variety and source gave fairly uniform test results.
Association Twig specific gravity varied with position along the twig.
Observation Tenderer, later maturing varieties had greatest specific gravity near the tip.
Association Earlier maturing varieties increased in specific gravity farther from the tip.
Association Wood maturity when cold starts strongly affects cold hardiness.
Method / resource Terminal bud formation and leaf fall indicate maturity fairly accurately, with some exceptions.
Association Hardier varieties averaged slightly less moisture than tenderer varieties.
Association Tenderer varieties evaporated water more readily than hardy varieties.
Observation After very cold weather, hardy varieties generally held the most twig moisture.
Mechanism Bark thickness and structure partly explained evaporation rate.
Observation Most hardy varieties stored abundant starch in pith and medullary rays, except Malus ioensis.
Association Large, thick petals were correlated with hardiness.
Intervention effect A sudden temperature drop was more injurious than the absolute degree of cold.
Intervention effect All twigs not previously dried were injured at -10 degrees F. for 20 minutes.
Observation Hardier varieties had less freezing injury than tenderer varieties.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The promising seedling apple is offered to Iowa nurserymen under the label Iowa 403.

Taxon: AppleMalus domesticat0
Material: Iowa 403e0
Outcome: offered to the nurserymen of the statee0
Setting: Iowa Experiment Statione0

Not reportedComparatorValue

Verbatim

e0
“promising seedling apples originated at the Iowa Experiment Station Is now offered to the nurserymen of the state under the label Iowa 403”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 11–149