Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples were smaller than conventional and integrated apples in 1998 and 1999.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- organice0
- Outcome
- applese0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Qualifier
- 1998 and 1999e0
- Comparator
- conventional and integratede0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleSettingValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1998 and 1999, organic apples were smaller than conventional and integrated apples”
Title
Sustainability of Organic, Conventional, and Integrated Apple Orchards
John Reganold Crop Management 2006. doi:10.1094/cm-2006-0921-16-ps
Other claims from this paper (19)
- Intervention effect Organic and integrated systems had higher soil organic matter due to compost.
- Intervention effect Organic and integrated systems had higher soil quality indices in both 1998 and 1999.
- Intervention effect Conventional management scored lowest on overall soil quality.
- Intervention effect Apple tree growth was identical under all three management systems.
- Intervention effect Conventional apple yield was highest in 1996.
- Intervention effect Organic apple yield was higher in 1997 and 1998.
- Intervention effect Organic apple yield was lowest in 1999.
- Intervention effect Cumulative yields from 1995 to 1999 did not differ statistically among systems.
- Intervention effect Organic apples were at least as firm as conventional and integrated apples.
- Intervention effect Organic fruit most often had the highest soluble-solids-to-acidity ratio.
- Intervention effect Organic apples tasted sweeter after six months storage than conventional apples.
- Intervention effect Organic apples tasted less tart than conventional and integrated apples at harvest and after six months.
- Intervention effect Damage from other disorders, pests and diseases was minimal and equal across the systems.
- Observation The three systems first had net annual profit in 1999 under measured russetted fruit conditions.
- Association Without russetting effects, organic management was more profitable than conventional and integrated management in 1997 and 1998.
- Observation Organic orchards were projected to break even nine years after planting under measured fruit conditions.
- Observation Conventional and integrated orchards were projected to break even at 15 and 17 years under measured conditions.
- Observation Conventional, integrated and non-PMD conventional systems had environmental impact ratings 6.2, 4.7 and 7.7 times organic.
- Intervention effect Organic management was about 7% more energy efficient than conventional and 5% more efficient than integrated management.