Abstract
Several in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to develop an effective technique for culturing potential fungal antagonists (isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, Dactylium dendroides, Chaetomium olivaceum and one unidentified fungus) selected for activity against Armillaria mellea. The antagonists were inoculated onto (1) live spawn of the oyster mu shroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), (2) extra-moistened or sucrose-enriched mushroom composts containing living or autoclaved mycelia of P. ostreatus or Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom), (3) pasteurized compost with or without A. bisporus mycelium, wheat bran, wheat germ and (4) spent mushroom composts with living mycelia of A. bisporus, P. ostreatus or Lentinus edodes (the Shiitake mushroom). In one experiment, a representative antagonist (isolate Th2 of T. harzianum) was grown together with the A. bisporus mycelium, while in another one, the antagonist was first grown on wheat germ or wheat bran and then on mushroom compost with living mycelium of A. bisporus. Some of the carrier substrates were then added to the roots of potted strawberry plants in the glasshouse to evaluate their effectiveness against the disease. The antagonists failed to grow on the spawn of P. ostreatus even after reinoculations and prolonged incubation. Providing extra moisture or sucrose enrichment also did not improve the growth of Th2 on mushroom composts in the presence of living mycelia of A. bisporus or P. ostreatus. The antagonist, however, grew rapidly and extensively on mushroom compost with autoclaved mycelia, and also on wheat germ and wheat bran. Colonization of the substrates by the antagonist was positively correlated with its effectiveness in the glasshouse studies. Whereas only 33.3% of the inoculated control plants survived in one experiment monitored for 560 days, 100% survival was achieved when Th2 was applied on wheat germ or wheat bran. Growth of the antagonist alone on pasteurized or sterilized compost (without A. bisporus mycelia) and simultaneous growth of the antagonist and mushroom on pasteurized compost did not improve survival over the inoculated controls, but growth over mushroom compost with the living mycelium resulted in 50% survival rate. C. olivaceum isolate Co was the most effective, resulting in overall survival rate of 83.3% compared with only 8.3% for the inoculated and 100% for the uninoculated (healthy) controls. This antagonist gave the highest survival rate of 100% on spent mushroom compost with L. edodes. T harzianum isolate Th23, with 75% survival rate, was the most effective on spent mushroom compost with P. ostreatus, while D. dendroides isolate SP resulted in equal survival rates of 50% on all the three mushroom composts.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonists failed to grow on oyster mushroom spawn.
- Taxon
- strawberry plants
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- spawn of P. ostreatuse0
- Outcome
- antagonists failed to growe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The antagonists failed to grow on the spawn of P. ostreatus even after reinoculations and prolonged incubation.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra moisture or sucrose enrichment did not improve Th2 growth on compost with living mushroom mycelia.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- extra moisture or sucrose enrichmente0
- Outcome
- growth of Th2e0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Providing extra moisture or sucrose enrichment also did not improve the growth of Th2 on mushroom composts in the presence of living mycelia of A. bisporus or P. ostreatus.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonist grew rapidly on compost with autoclaved mycelia.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- mushroom compost with autoclaved myceliae0
- Outcome
- antagoniste0
- Direction
- rapidly and extensivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The antagonist, however, grew rapidly and extensively on mushroom compost with autoclaved mycelia, and also on wheat germ and wheat bran.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonist grew rapidly on wheat germ.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- wheat germe0
- Outcome
- antagoniste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The antagonist, however, grew rapidly and extensively on mushroom compost with autoclaved mycelia, and also on wheat germ and wheat bran.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonist grew rapidly on wheat bran.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- wheat brane0
- Outcome
- antagoniste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The antagonist, however, grew rapidly and extensively on mushroom compost with autoclaved mycelia, and also on wheat germ and wheat bran.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate colonization by the antagonist correlated positively with effectiveness in glasshouse studies.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Colonization of the substratese0
- Outcome
- effectiveness in the glasshouse studiese0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of the substrates by the antagonist was positively correlated with its effectiveness in the glasshouse studies.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Th2 on wheat germ achieved 100% strawberry survival versus 33.3% for inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Th2 was applied on wheat germe0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- 100% survival was achievede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- 33.3%e0
- Comparator
- inoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only 33.3% of the inoculated control plants survived in one experiment monitored for 560 days, 100% survival was achieved when Th2 was applied on wheat germ”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Th2 on wheat bran achieved 100% strawberry survival versus 33.3% for inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Th2 was applied on wheat germ or wheat brane0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- 100% survival was achievede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- inoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only 33.3% of the inoculated control plants survived in one experiment monitored for 560 days, 100% survival was achieved when Th2 was applied on wheat germ or wheat bran.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonist alone on pasteurized or sterilized compost did not improve strawberry survival.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- antagonist alone on pasteurized or sterilized composte0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
- Comparator
- inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of the antagonist alone on pasteurized or sterilized compost (without A. bisporus mycelia) and simultaneous growth of the antagonist and mushroom on pasteurized compost did not improve survival over the inoculated controls”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous antagonist and mushroom growth on pasteurized compost did not improve strawberry survival.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- simultaneous growth of the antagonist and mushroom on pasteurized composte0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
- Comparator
- inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simultaneous growth of the antagonist and mushroom on pasteurized compost did not improve survival over the inoculated controls”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonist grown on living-mycelium compost yielded 50% strawberry survival.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- mushroom compost with the living myceliume0
- Outcome
- survival ratee0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth over mushroom compost with the living mycelium resulted in 50% survival rate.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
C. olivaceum isolate Co yielded 83.3% overall survival versus 8.3% inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- C. olivaceum isolate Coe0
- Outcome
- overall survival ratee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 83.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 8.3%e0
- Comparator
- inoculatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. olivaceum isolate Co was the most effective, resulting in overall survival rate of 83.3% compared with only 8.3% for the inoculated and 100% for the uninoculated (healthy) controls.”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
C. olivaceum on spent L. edodes compost yielded 100% survival.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- spent mushroom compost with L. edodese0
- Outcome
- survival ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This antagonist gave the highest survival rate of 100% on spent mushroom compost with L. edodes.”
e1“C. olivaceum isolate Co was the most effective”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum Th23 on spent P. ostreatus compost yielded 75% survival.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T harzianum isolate Th23e0
- Outcome
- survival ratee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T harzianum isolate Th23, with 75% survival rate, was the most effective on spent mushroom compost with P. ostreatus”
t0“strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
D. dendroides SP yielded 50% survival on all three spent mushroom composts.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- D. dendroides isolate SPe0
- Outcome
- survival ratese0
- Direction
- equale0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D. dendroides isolate SP resulted in equal survival rates of 50% on all the three mushroom composts.”
t0“strawberry plants”
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