Abstract
Red maple (Acer rubruni) is often recommended for use in wet soils, yet its extensive native range suggests there may be genetic variation for traits associated with flood tolerance. Likewise, genetic variation for flood tolerance may be captured within red maple cultivars making some more appropriate than others for use in wet or low oxygen soils. Seven red maple cultivars (2-year-old trees)—'Autumn Flame'®, 'Bowhall', 'Karpick', 'Northwood', 'October Glory'®, Red Sunset®, and 'Schlesinger— and 4 Freeman maple (A. xfreemanii) cultivars—' Armstrong', 'Autumn Blaze', 'Morgan', and Scarlet Sentinel™, were ranked for flood tolerance by flooding the trees and characterizing photosynthesis, lenticel intumescence, and survival. Indicator trees representing the wet extreme of red maple's native range were also included for comparison. Net photosynthesis declined for all cultivars; however, 'Schlesinger', Red Sunset and 'Bowhall' had the highest net photosynthetic rates (ranging from 1.94 to 1.71 umol/m2s) after 45 days of flooding. In contrast, 'Karpick', 'Autumn Flame', and 'Northwood' had net photosynthetic rates near 0. The extent of lenticel intumescence also varied among the cultivars with 'Schlesinger' and 'Bowhall' producing the longest lenticels. All of the 'Northwood' trees died, as did two-thirds of the Autumn Flame' trees. The cultivars were separated into 3 overall flood-tolerance rankings: high ('Schlesinger', Red Sunset, and 'Bowhall'), intermediate (Armstrong1, 'Morgan', 'October Glory', Scarlet Sentinel, and Autumn Blaze'), and low ('Karpick', Autumn Flame', and 'Northwood').
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Net photosynthesis declined under flooding in all tested maple cultivars.
- Taxon
- Red and Freeman Maplet0
- Treatment
- flooding the treese0
- Outcome
- Net photosynthesise1
- Direction
- declinede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“were ranked for flood tolerance by flooding the trees and characterizing photosynthesis, lenticel intumescence, and survival”
e1“Net photosynthesis declined for all cultivars”
t0“Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
'Schlesinger', Red Sunset and 'Bowhall' had the highest net photosynthetic rates, 1.94 to 1.71 umol/m2s, after 45 days of flooding.
- Taxon
- Red and Freeman Maplet0
- Material
- 'Schlesinger', Red Sunset and 'Bowhall'e2
- Treatment
- 45 days of floodinge2
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratese2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 1.94 to 1.71 umol/m2se2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“'Schlesinger', Red Sunset and 'Bowhall' had the highest net photosynthetic rates (ranging from 1.94 to 1.71 umol/m2s) after 45 days of flooding”
t0“Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
All 'Northwood' trees died under flooding.
- Taxon
- Red and Freeman Maplet0
- Material
- Northwoode3
- Treatment
- flooding the treese0
- Outcome
- trees diede3
- Value
- Alle3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“were ranked for flood tolerance by flooding the trees and characterizing photosynthesis, lenticel intumescence, and survival”
e3“All of the 'Northwood' trees died, as did two-thirds of the Autumn Flame' trees”
t0“Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-thirds of the Autumn Flame trees died under flooding.
- Taxon
- Red and Freeman Maplet0
- Material
- Autumn Flamee3
- Treatment
- flooding the treese0
- Outcome
- trees diede3
- Value
- two-thirdse3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“were ranked for flood tolerance by flooding the trees and characterizing photosynthesis, lenticel intumescence, and survival”
e3“All of the 'Northwood' trees died, as did two-thirds of the Autumn Flame' trees”
t0“Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
'Schlesinger' and 'Bowhall' had the longest lenticels among the cultivars.
Verbatim
e4“'Schlesinger' and 'Bowhall' producing the longest lenticels”
t0“Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
'Schlesinger', Red Sunset and 'Bowhall' fall in the high flood-tolerance ranking.
Verbatim
e5“The cultivars were separated into 3 overall flood-tolerance rankings”
e6“high ('Schlesinger', Red Sunset, and 'Bowhall')”
t0“Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Armstrong, Morgan, October Glory, Scarlet Sentinel and Autumn Blaze fall in the intermediate flood-tolerance ranking.
Verbatim
e5“The cultivars were separated into 3 overall flood-tolerance rankings”
e7“intermediate (Armstrong1, 'Morgan', 'October Glory', Scarlet Sentinel, and Autumn Blaze')”
t0“Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
'Karpick', Autumn Flame and 'Northwood' fall in the low flood-tolerance ranking.
Verbatim
e5“The cultivars were separated into 3 overall flood-tolerance rankings”
e7“low ('Karpick', Autumn Flame', and 'Northwood')”
t0“Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars”