Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect potential producers of mycotoxin patulin from grapes (berries, surface sterilized berries - endogenous mycobiota and grape juice) of Slovak origin. We analyzed 47 samples of grapes, harvested in 2011, 2012 and 2013 from various wine-growing regions. For the isolation of species we used the method of direct plating berries and surface-sterilized berries (using 1% freshly pre-pared chlorine) berries on DRBC (Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar). For the determination of fungal contamination of grape juice we used plate-dilution method and DRBC and DG18 (Dichloran 18% Glycerol agar) as media. The cultivation in all modes of inoculation was carried at 25 ±1 °C, for 5 to 7 days. After incubation Aspergillus and Pencillium isolates were inoculated on the identification media. The potential producers of patulin were isolated from 23 samples berries, 19 samples of surface-sterilized berries and 6 samples of grape juice. Overall, the representatives of producers of patulin were detected in 32 (68.1%) samples (75 isolates). In this work we focused on the detection of potential producers of patulin, Penicillium expansum (the most important producer of patulin in fruits), Penicillium griseofulvum and Aspergillus clavatus were isolated. Chosen isolates of potential patulin producers were tested for the ability to produce relevant mycotoxins in in vitro conditions using thin layer chromatography method. The ability to produce patulin in in vitro condition was detected in 82% of isolates of Penicillium expansum, 65% of Penicillium griseofuvum and 100% of Aspergillus clavatus. Some isolates of Penicillium expansum were able to produce citrinin and roquefortine C, Penicillium griseofulvum cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin and roquefortin C, also.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Potential patulin producers were found in 23 berry samples.
Verbatim
e0“The potential producers of patulin were isolated from 23 samples berries”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Potential patulin producers were found in 19 surface-sterilized berry samples.
Verbatim
e0“19 samples of surface-sterilized berries”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Potential patulin producers were found in 6 grape juice samples.
Verbatim
e0“6 samples of grape juice”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Potential patulin producers occurred in 32 samples, representing 68.1%, with 75 isolates.
Verbatim
e0“producers of patulin were detected in 32 (68.1%) samples (75 isolates)”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium expansum was isolated from grape samples.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- Penicillium expansume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium expansum (the most important producer of patulin in fruits), Penicillium griseofulvum and Aspergillus clavatus were isolated”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium griseofulvum was isolated from grape samples.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Interactor
- Penicillium griseofulvumPenicillium griseofulvume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Penicillium griseofulvume0
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium griseofulvum and Aspergillus clavatus were isolated”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus clavatus was isolated from grape samples.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus clavatus
Aspergillus clavatuse0pathogen - Outcome
- Aspergillus clavatuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aspergillus clavatus were isolated”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro patulin production occurred in 82% of Penicillium expansum isolates.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Penicillium expansume0
- Value
- 82%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“82% of isolates of Penicillium expansum”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro patulin production occurred in 65% of Penicillium griseofuvum isolates.
Verbatim
e0“65% of Penicillium griseofuvum”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro patulin production occurred in 100% of Aspergillus clavatus isolates.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus clavatusAspergillus clavatuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- Aspergillus clavatuse0
- Value
- 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100% of Aspergillus clavatus”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Some Penicillium expansum isolates produced citrinin and roquefortine C.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- citrinin and roquefortine Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some isolates of Penicillium expansum were able to produce citrinin and roquefortine C”
t0“grapes berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium griseofulvum isolates produced cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin and roquefortin C.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Interactor
- Penicillium griseofulvumPenicillium griseofulvume0pathogen
- Outcome
- cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin and roquefortin Ce0
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium griseofulvum cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin and roquefortin C”
t0“grapes berries”