Abstract
Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial and to sicklepod, coffee senna, smallflower morningglory, velvetleaf, and yellow nutsedge. The most sensitive weeds, including coffee senna, smallflower morningglory, and velvetleaf, were severely injured by the lowest rate when sulfentrazone was applied with surfactants. Sulfentrazone provided the highest control of yellow nutsedge with X-77. Soybeans were not severely injured by sulfentrazone applied alone, but 55% foliar injury occurred when the herbicide was applied with X-77. However, the seedlings were not killed. Sicklepod was the most tolerant of the weeds tested. In the absence of surfactants, the order of radiolabeled sulfentrazone absorption by the foliage was Centennial (5.8%) = Hutcheson (8.5%) = coffee senna (10.4%) < yellow nutsedge (17.0%) < velvetleaf (22.3%) = smallflower morningglory (24%). Sicklepod leaves did not retain droplets containing sulfentrazone when no surfactant was used. Species with the highest foliar absorption also showed the greatest phytotoxic response to the herbicide. Addition of surfactants to the spray mixture enhanced the foliar absorption and overall phytotoxicity of sulfentrazone in the weeds. An inverse relationship was detected between the foliar absorption of sulfentrazone without surfactants and the amount of cuticular wax present on the leaves. No such correlation was observed when surfactants were used. Thus, surfactants overcame the barrier to absorption imposed by the cuticular wax and, under these conditions, selectivity apparently became dependent upon species-specific cellular tolerance to sulfentrazone.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone applied with surfactants severely injured the most sensitive weeds at the lowest rate.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- applied with surfactantse1
- Interactor
- coffee senna
_Senna_occidentalis_-_Habit_-_Les_Martels%2C_Giroussens_Tarn.jpg?width=60)
Senna occidentalise1weed - Outcome
- injurede1
- Direction
- severelye1
- Qualifier
- lowest ratee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Senna_occidentalis_-_Habit_-_Les_Martels%2C_Giroussens_Tarn.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e1“The most sensitive weeds, including coffee senna, smallflower morningglory, and velvetleaf, were severely injured by the lowest rate when sulfentrazone was applied with surfactants”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone applied alone did not severely injure soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- sulfentrazone applied alonee2
- Outcome
- injurede2
- Direction
- not severely injurede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e2“Soybeans were not severely injured by sulfentrazone applied alone, but 55% foliar injury occurred when the herbicide was applied with X-77”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone applied with X-77 caused 55% foliar injury to soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- applied with X-77e2
- Outcome
- foliar injurye2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 55%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e2“Soybeans were not severely injured by sulfentrazone applied alone, but 55% foliar injury occurred when the herbicide was applied with X-77”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone applied with X-77 did not kill soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- applied with X-77e3
- Outcome
- killede3
- Direction
- not killede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e3“55% foliar injury occurred when the herbicide was applied with X-77. However, the seedlings were not killed”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone with X-77 gave the highest control of yellow nutsedge.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Sulfentrazonee4
- Interactor
- yellow nutsedgee4weed
- Outcome
- controle4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Qualifier
- with X-77e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e4“Sulfentrazone provided the highest control of yellow nutsedge with X-77”
Claim · model-written summary
Sicklepod was the most tolerant of the weeds tested to sulfentrazone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Sulfentrazonee0
- Interactor
- Sicklepode5weed
- Outcome
- tolerante5
- Direction
- most tolerante5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e5“Sicklepod was the most tolerant of the weeds tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed species with the highest foliar absorption of sulfentrazone showed the greatest phytotoxic response.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- the herbicidee6
- Outcome
- phytotoxic responsee6
- Direction
- greateste6
- Qualifier
- highest foliar absorptione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e6“Species with the highest foliar absorption also showed the greatest phytotoxic response to the herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding surfactants to the spray mixture enhanced foliar absorption and phytotoxicity of sulfentrazone in weeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Addition of surfactants to the spray mixturee7
- Interactor
- weedse7weed
- Outcome
- foliar absorption and overall phytotoxicitye7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e7“Addition of surfactants to the spray mixture enhanced the foliar absorption and overall phytotoxicity of sulfentrazone in the weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar absorption of sulfentrazone without surfactants was inversely related to the amount of cuticular wax on the leaves.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- foliar absorptione1
- Direction
- inverse relationshipe1
- Qualifier
- amount of cuticular waxe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e1“An inverse relationship was detected between the foliar absorption of sulfentrazone without surfactants and the amount of cuticular wax present on the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
No such correlation between absorption and cuticular wax was observed when surfactants were used.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- surfactantse1
- Outcome
- correlatione1
- Direction
- No such correlation was observede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e1“No such correlation was observed when surfactants were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactants overcame the cuticular wax barrier to sulfentrazone absorption.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- barrier to absorptione1
- Qualifier
- cuticular waxe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e1“Thus, surfactants overcame the barrier to absorption imposed by the cuticular wax and, under these conditions, selectivity apparently became dependent upon species-specific cellular tolerance to sulfentrazone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under surfactant use, herbicide selectivity appears to depend on species-specific cellular tolerance.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- selectivitye1
- Qualifier
- species-specific cellular tolerance to sulfentrazonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha −1 alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial”
e1“Thus, surfactants overcame the barrier to absorption imposed by the cuticular wax and, under these conditions, selectivity apparently became dependent upon species-specific cellular tolerance to sulfentrazone”
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