Abstract
Low temperature is an important abiotic stress which reduces crops growth and productivity and causes physiological damages to cellular structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the probability of spermine application to improve chilling tolerance of maize under stress conditions. The treatments were included seed priming with spermine (30, 60 and 90 mg/l solutions) and normal and stress condition. Seed emergence was improved by spermine priming on both conditions and mean emergence time (MET) was also decreased with priming. Shoot and root length was highly reduced under stress conditions, but the treated seeds were improved along with increased spermine concentration. Seedling dry weight was also affected by priming and reduced weight of stressful seedlings was alleviated by spermine priming. Decreased relative water content on seedlings under stress was elevated by the treatments and significantly increased. Electrolyte leakage was also recovered by applied treatments while it was adversely decreased on cold conditions. Antioxidative system was highly responded to spermine application. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased on both normal and stress conditions, but a little decrease was observed on seedlings treated with 90 ppm level and under chilling conditions. Catalase activity was also amplified by spermine treatments. Priming had a great effect on ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity on both stressful and normal seedlings and increased it compare with non treated seedlings. It is also important to note that with increasing spermine concentration to 90 ppm, no considerable differences were observed. Thus, 60 ppm concentration could be proposed as the appropriate level of spermine in order to improve chilling tolerance of maize seedlings.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine priming improved seed emergence under normal and stress conditions.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Seed emergence was improved by spermine priming on both conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine priming decreased mean emergence time.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“mean emergence time (MET) was also decreased with priming”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress reduced shoot and root length.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Shoot and root length was highly reduced under stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine treatment improved shoot and root length as concentration increased.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“the treated seeds were improved along with increased spermine concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine priming alleviated reduced dry weight in stressed seedlings.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“reduced weight of stressful seedlings was alleviated by spermine priming”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine treatments significantly elevated relative water content under stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Decreased relative water content on seedlings under stress was elevated by the treatments and significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied treatments recovered electrolyte leakage under cold conditions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Electrolyte leakage was also recovered by applied treatments while it was adversely decreased on cold conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold conditions decreased electrolyte leakage.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Electrolyte leakage was also recovered by applied treatments while it was adversely decreased on cold conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine increased SOD activity under normal and stress conditions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased on both normal and stress conditions”
e1“Seed emergence was improved by spermine priming on both conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD activity decreased slightly at 90 ppm under chilling conditions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“a little decrease was observed on seedlings treated with 90 ppm level and under chilling conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine amplified catalase activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Catalase activity was also amplified by spermine treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming increased APX activity versus untreated seedlings under normal and stressful conditions.
- Treatment
- Priminge0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non treated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Priming had a great effect on ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity on both stressful and normal seedlings and increased it compare with non treated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing spermine to 90 ppm yielded no considerable differences.
- Treatment
- increasing spermine concentration to 90 ppme0
- Outcome
- no considerable differencese0
- Direction
- no considerable differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“with increasing spermine concentration to 90 ppm, no considerable differences were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed 60 ppm spermine to improve maize chilling tolerance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“60 ppm concentration could be proposed as the appropriate level of spermine in order to improve chilling tolerance of maize seedlings”
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