Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is usually described as a phenomenon whereby localized inoculation with a necrotizing pathogen renders a plant more resistant to subsequent pathogen infection. Here we show that Pseudomonas syringae strains for which Arabidopsis thaliana represents a non-host plant systemically elevate resistance although the underlying interactions neither trigger a hypersensitive response nor cause necrotic disease symptoms. A similar enhancement of systemic resistance was observed when elicitor-active preparations of two typical bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), flagellin and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), were applied in a localized manner. Several lines of evidence indicate that the observed systemic resistance responses are identical to SAR. Localized applications of non-adapted bacteria, flagellin or LPS elevate levels of the SAR regulatory metabolite salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression not only in treated but also in distant leaves. All treatments also systemically increase expression of the SAR marker gene FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1. Further, a whole set of SAR-deficient Arabidopsis lines, including mutants in SA biosynthesis and signalling, are impaired in establishing the systemic resistance response triggered by non-host bacteria or PAMPs. We also show that the magnitude of defence reactions such as SA accumulation, PR gene expression or camalexin accumulation induced at sites of virulent or avirulent P. syringae inoculation but not the extent of tissue necrosis during these interactions determines the extent of SAR in distant leaves. Our data indicate that PAMPs significantly contribute to SAR initiation in Arabidopsis and that tissue necroses at inoculation sites are dispensable for SAR activation.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Non-host Pseudomonas syringae strains raised systemic resistance in Arabidopsis without hypersensitive response or necrosis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- Pseudomonas syringae strainse0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- elevatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae strains for which Arabidopsis thaliana represents a non-host plant systemically elevate resistance although the underlying interactions neither trigger a hypersensitive response nor cause necrotic disease symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Local flagellin preparations enhanced systemic resistance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- flagelline0
- Outcome
- systemic resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar enhancement of systemic resistance was observed when elicitor-active preparations of two typical bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), flagellin and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), were applied in a localized manner”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Local lipopolysaccharide preparations enhanced systemic resistance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- lipopolysaccharides (LPS)e0
- Outcome
- systemic resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar enhancement of systemic resistance was observed when elicitor-active preparations of two typical bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), flagellin and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), were applied in a localized manner”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Local non-adapted bacteria elevated salicylic acid and PR gene expression in treated and distant leaves.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- non-adapted bacteriae0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expressione0
- Direction
- elevatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Localized applications of non-adapted bacteria, flagellin or LPS elevate levels of the SAR regulatory metabolite salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression not only in treated but also in distant leaves”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Flagellin elevated salicylic acid and PR gene expression in treated and distant leaves.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- flagelline0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expressione0
- Direction
- elevatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Localized applications of non-adapted bacteria, flagellin or LPS elevate levels of the SAR regulatory metabolite salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression not only in treated but also in distant leaves”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
LPS elevated salicylic acid and PR gene expression in treated and distant leaves.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- LPSe0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expressione0
- Direction
- elevatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Localized applications of non-adapted bacteria, flagellin or LPS elevate levels of the SAR regulatory metabolite salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression not only in treated but also in distant leaves”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-host bacteria systemically increased FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- non-host bacteriae1
- Gene
- FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments also systemically increase expression of the SAR marker gene FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1”
e1“non-host bacteria or PAMPs”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Flagellin systemically increased FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- flagelline1
- Gene
- FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments also systemically increase expression of the SAR marker gene FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1”
e1“flagellin or LPS”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
LPS systemically increased FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- LPSe1
- Gene
- FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments also systemically increase expression of the SAR marker gene FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1”
e1“flagellin or LPS”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
SAR-deficient Arabidopsis lines were impaired in resistance triggered by non-host bacteria or PAMPs.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- SAR-deficient Arabidopsis linese0
- Outcome
- systemic resistance responsee0
- Direction
- impairede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a whole set of SAR-deficient Arabidopsis lines, including mutants in SA biosynthesis and signalling, are impaired in establishing the systemic resistance response triggered by non-host bacteria or PAMPs”
Claim · model-written summary
The magnitude of local SA accumulation, PR expression, and camalexin accumulation determined systemic resistance extent.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- P. syringae inoculatione0
- Outcome
- extent of SAR in distant leavese0
- Qualifier
- SA accumulation, PR gene expression or camalexin accumulatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the magnitude of defence reactions such as SA accumulation, PR gene expression or camalexin accumulation induced at sites of virulent or avirulent P. syringae inoculation but not the extent of tissue necrosis during these interactions determines the extent of SAR in distant leaves”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Local tissue necrosis did not determine systemic resistance extent.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- tissue necrosise0
- Outcome
- extent of SAR in distant leavese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not the extent of tissue necrosis during these interactions determines the extent of SAR in distant leaves”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that PAMPs contribute significantly to SAR initiation while necrosis is dispensable.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- PAMPse0
- Outcome
- SAR initiatione0
- Qualifier
- tissue necroses at inoculation sites are dispensablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAMPs significantly contribute to SAR initiation in Arabidopsis and that tissue necroses at inoculation sites are dispensable for SAR activation”
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See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.