Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2006 and 2007 on clay-loam soil at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to find out the effect of tillage (zero and conventional), time of sowing (before and after monsoon) and weed-control measures (integration of hand weeding and Sesbania with herbicides and rotational use of her- bicides) on weeds, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of dry-seeded irrigated rice ( Oryza sativa L.). The major weeds associated with dry-seeded rice were: Echinochloa colona (31.5%), Phyllanthus spp. (26.5%), Commelina communis (17.8%), Cyperus ir ia (9.9%), Alter nanthera sessilis (5.9%), Dinebra retrolexa (5.1%), Physalis minima (1.8%) and Caesulia axillaris (1.2%). Zero tillage significantly reduced the total population and dry matter of weeds compared with conventional tillage, but the difference in yield was not significant. Dry seeding before monsoon re- sulted in lower grain yield due to higher population and dry matter of weeds. Infestation of weeds reduced the grain yield of dry-seeded rice by 60% compared with hand-weeding twice and removed 10.99 kg N, 2.78 kg P and 7.22 kg K/ha. The maximum rice yield (3.41 t/ha) was obtained from 2 hand-weeding. Integration of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha or pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha with 1 hand-weeding at 30 days after sowing or sequential application of pre-emer- gence herbicides followed by post-emergence application of 2, 4-D (0.5 kg/ha) and fenoxaprop (0.07 kg/ha), being on a par with each other, proved quite effective against weeds and gave significantly higher grain yields and ben- efits than weedy check.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
The associated weeds were Echinochloa colona at 31.5%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa colonae0weed - Outcome
- Echinochloa colonae0
- Value
- 31.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Echinochloa colona (31.5%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phyllanthus spp. accounted for 26.5% of associated weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Phyllanthus spp.e0weed
- Outcome
- Phyllanthus spp.e0
- Value
- 26.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phyllanthus spp. (26.5%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Commelina communis accounted for 17.8% of associated weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Commelina communis
Commelina communise0weed - Outcome
- Commelina communise0
- Value
- 17.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Commelina communis (17.8%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyperus ir ia accounted for 9.9% of associated weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Cyperus ir iae0weed
- Outcome
- Cyperus ir iae0
- Value
- 9.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cyperus ir ia (9.9%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alter nanthera sessilis accounted for 5.9% of associated weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Alter nanthera sessilise0weed
- Outcome
- Alter nanthera sessilise0
- Value
- 5.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alter nanthera sessilis (5.9%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dinebra retrolexa accounted for 5.1% of associated weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Dinebra retrolexae0weed
- Outcome
- Dinebra retrolexae0
- Value
- 5.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dinebra retrolexa (5.1%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Physalis minima accounted for 1.8% of associated weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Physalis minima
Physalis minimae0weed - Outcome
- Physalis minimae0
- Value
- 1.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physalis minima (1.8%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Caesulia axillaris accounted for 1.2% of associated weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Caesulia axillaris
.jpg?width=60)
Caesulia axillarise0weed - Outcome
- Caesulia axillarise0
- Value
- 1.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Caesulia axillaris (1.2%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage significantly reduced weed population compared with conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Zero tillagee0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- total populatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zero tillage significantly reduced the total population and dry matter of weeds compared with conventional tillage”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage significantly reduced weed dry matter compared with conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Zero tillagee0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- dry matter of weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zero tillage significantly reduced the total population and dry matter of weeds compared with conventional tillage”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield did not significantly differ between tillage treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- tillagee1
- Outcome
- yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but the difference in yield was not significant.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
e1“Zero tillage significantly reduced the total population and dry matter of weeds compared with conventional tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry seeding before monsoon reduced grain yield because weed burden was higher.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Dry seeding before monsoone0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry seeding before monsoon re- sulted in lower grain yield due to higher population and dry matter of weeds.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed infestation reduced rice grain yield by 60% versus two hand weedings.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Infestation of weedse0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- hand-weeding twicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infestation of weeds reduced the grain yield of dry-seeded rice by 60% compared with hand-weeding twice”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds removed 10.99 kg N per hectare.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Value
- 10.99 kg Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infestation of weeds reduced the grain yield of dry-seeded rice by 60% compared with hand-weeding twice and removed 10.99 kg N, 2.78 kg P and 7.22 kg K/ha.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds removed 2.78 kg P per hectare.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Value
- 2.78 kg Pe0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“removed 10.99 kg N, 2.78 kg P and 7.22 kg K/ha”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds removed 7.22 kg K/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Value
- 7.22 kg K/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“removed 10.99 kg N, 2.78 kg P and 7.22 kg K/ha”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two hand weedings produced maximum rice yield of 3.41 t/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 2 hand-weedinge0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3.41 t/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum rice yield (3.41 t/ha) was obtained from 2 hand-weeding.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus one hand weeding effectively controlled weeds and raised grain yield and benefits versus weedy check.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin 1.0 kg/hae0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- grain yields and ben- efitse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integration of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha or pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha with 1 hand-weeding at 30 days after sowing or sequential application of pre-emer- gence herbicides followed by post-emergence application of 2, 4-D (0.5 kg/ha) and fenoxaprop (0.07 kg/ha), being on a par with each other, proved quite effective against weeds and gave significantly higher grain yields and ben- efits than weedy check.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretilachlor plus one hand weeding effectively controlled weeds and raised grain yield and benefits versus weedy check.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pretilachlor 0.75 kg/hae0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- grain yields and ben- efitse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integration of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha or pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha with 1 hand-weeding at 30 days after sowing or sequential application of pre-emer- gence herbicides followed by post-emergence application of 2, 4-D (0.5 kg/ha) and fenoxaprop (0.07 kg/ha), being on a par with each other, proved quite effective against weeds and gave significantly higher grain yields and ben- efits than weedy check.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential herbicides effectively controlled weeds and raised grain yield and benefits versus weedy check.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sequential application of pre-emer- gence herbicides followed by post-emergence application of 2, 4-D (0.5 kg/ha) and fenoxaprop (0.07 kg/ha)e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- grain yields and ben- efitse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integration of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha or pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha with 1 hand-weeding at 30 days after sowing or sequential application of pre-emer- gence herbicides followed by post-emergence application of 2, 4-D (0.5 kg/ha) and fenoxaprop (0.07 kg/ha), being on a par with each other, proved quite effective against weeds and gave significantly higher grain yields and ben- efits than weedy check.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
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