Abstract
ABSTRACT The average temperature in the U.S. Corn Belt during the grain‐filling period of maize ( Zea mays L.) is above optimum for maximum grain yield. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of an extended period of high temperature during grain filling on kernel growth, composition, and starch metabolism of seven maize inbreds. Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25°C) or control (25/20°C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse from 15 d after pollination (DAP) until maturity, and the experiment was conducted in triplicate over time. Root zone temperature was maintained at 25/20°C in both treatments. No significant interaction occurred between genotype and temperature treatments for nine grain traits. Heat stress lengthened the duration of grain filling on a heat unit (HU) basis, but an overcompensatory reduction in kernel growth rate per HU resulted in an average mature kernel dry weight loss of 7% ( P = 0.06). Proportionally similar reductions occurred for starch, protein, and oil contents of the kernel. Heat stress also reduced kernel density. A survey of 11 enzymes of sugar and starch metabolism extracted from developing endosperm revealed that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, glucokinase, sucrose synthase, and soluble starch synthase were most sensitive to the high temperature treatment. However, upon adjusting enzyme activities with measured temperature coefficients (i.e., Q 10 ), only ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase exhibited reduced activity. Results indicate that chronic heat stress during grain filling moderately restrains seed storage processes and select enzymes of starch metabolism to similar degrees across multiple maize inbreds.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress lengthened the grain-filling duration in heat units compared with control.
- Treatment
- Heat stresse1
- Outcome
- duration of grain fillinge1
- Direction
- lengthenede1
- Comparator
- control (25/20°C)e0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25°C) or control (25/20°C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse”
e1“Heat stress lengthened the duration of grain filling on a heat unit (HU) basis”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress lowered mature kernel dry weight by 7% (P = 0.06) compared with control.
- Treatment
- Heat stresse1
- Outcome
- mature kernel dry weighte2
- Direction
- losse2
- Value
- 7%e2
- Qualifier
- P = 0.06e2
- Comparator
- control (25/20°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25°C) or control (25/20°C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse”
e1“Heat stress lengthened the duration of grain filling on a heat unit (HU) basis”
e2“but an overcompensatory reduction in kernel growth rate per HU resulted in an average mature kernel dry weight loss of 7% ( P = 0.06)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress overcompensatorily reduced kernel growth rate per heat unit.
- Treatment
- Heat stresse1
- Outcome
- kernel growth rate per HUe2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Qualifier
- overcompensatorye2
- Comparator
- control (25/20°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25°C) or control (25/20°C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse”
e1“Heat stress lengthened the duration of grain filling on a heat unit (HU) basis”
e2“but an overcompensatory reduction in kernel growth rate per HU resulted in an average mature kernel dry weight loss of 7% ( P = 0.06)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced starch, protein and oil contents of the kernel proportionally.
- Treatment
- Heat stresse1
- Outcome
- starch, protein, and oil contentse4
- Direction
- reductionse4
- Qualifier
- Proportionally similare4
- Comparator
- control (25/20°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25°C) or control (25/20°C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse”
e1“Heat stress lengthened the duration of grain filling on a heat unit (HU) basis”
e4“Proportionally similar reductions occurred for starch, protein, and oil contents of the kernel”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced kernel density.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25°C) or control (25/20°C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse”
e5“Heat stress also reduced kernel density”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant genotype-by-temperature interaction occurred for nine grain traits.
- Outcome
- nine grain traitse6
- Qualifier
- No significant interaction occurred between genotype and temperature treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e6“No significant interaction occurred between genotype and temperature treatments for nine grain traits”
Claim · model-written summary
After adjusting for temperature coefficients, only ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase showed reduced enzyme activity under heat stress.
- Treatment
- high temperature treatmente7
- Gene
- ADPglucose pyrophosphorylasee2
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Qualifier
- upon adjusting enzyme activities with measured temperature coefficientse2
- Comparator
- control (25/20°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25°C) or control (25/20°C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse”
e7“A survey of 11 enzymes of sugar and starch metabolism extracted from developing endosperm revealed that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, glucokinase, sucrose synthase, and soluble starch synthase were most sensitive to the high temperature treatment”
e2“However, upon adjusting enzyme activities with measured temperature coefficients (i.e., Q 10 ), only ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase exhibited reduced activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucokinase, sucrose synthase and soluble starch synthase were the enzymes of sugar and starch metabolism most sensitive to high temperature.
- Treatment
- high temperature treatmente7
- Gene
- glucokinase, sucrose synthase, and soluble starch synthasee7
- Outcome
- enzymes of sugar and starch metabolisme7
- Direction
- most sensitivee7
- Comparator
- control (25/20°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25°C) or control (25/20°C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse”
e7“A survey of 11 enzymes of sugar and starch metabolism extracted from developing endosperm revealed that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, glucokinase, sucrose synthase, and soluble starch synthase were most sensitive to the high temperature treatment”
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