Abstract
Cereal yields decrease when grain fill proceeds under conditions of prolonged, moderately elevated temperatures. Endosperm-endogenous processes alter both rate and duration of dry weight gain, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Heat effects could be mediated by either abnormal, premature cessation of storage compound deposition or accelerated implementation of normal development. This study used controlled environments to isolate temperature as the sole environmental variable during Zea mays kernel-fill, from 12 days after pollination to maturity. Plants subjected to elevated day, elevated night temperatures (38°C day, 28°C night (38/28°C])) or elevated day, normal night (38/17°C), were compared with those from controls grown under normal day and night conditions (28/17°C). Progression of change over time in endosperm tissue was followed to dissect contributions at multiple levels, including transcriptome, metabolome, enzyme activities, product accumulation, and tissue ultrastructure. Integrated analyses indicated that the normal developmental program of endosperm is fully executed under prolonged high-temperature conditions, but at a faster rate. Accelerated development was observed when both day and night temperatures were elevated, but not when daytime temperature alone was increased. Although transcripts for most components of glycolysis and respiration were either upregulated or minimally affected, elevated temperatures decreased abundance of mRNAs related to biosynthesis of starch and storage proteins. Further analysis of 20 central-metabolic enzymes revealed six activities that were reduced under high-temperature conditions, indicating candidate roles in the observed reduction of grain dry weight. Nonetheless, a striking overall resilience of grain filling in the face of elevated temperatures can be attributed to acceleration of normal endosperm development.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Accelerated endosperm development was observed when both day and night temperatures were elevated.
- Organ / stage
- endospermt0
- Treatment
- both day and night temperatures were elevatede1
- Outcome
- Accelerated developmente1
- Comparator
- controls grown under normal day and night conditionse0
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term exposure to elevated temperature on Zea mays endosperm development during grain fill”
e0“Plants subjected to elevated day, elevated night temperatures (38°C day, 28°C night (38/28°C])) or elevated day, normal night (38/17°C), were compared with those from controls grown under normal day and night conditions (28/17°C)”
e1“Accelerated development was observed when both day and night temperatures were elevated, but not when daytime temperature alone was increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Accelerated development was not observed when only daytime temperature was increased.
- Organ / stage
- endospermt0
- Treatment
- daytime temperature alone was increasede1
- Outcome
- Accelerated developmente1
- Qualifier
- but not when daytime temperature alone was increasede1
- Comparator
- controls grown under normal day and night conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term exposure to elevated temperature on Zea mays endosperm development during grain fill”
e0“Plants subjected to elevated day, elevated night temperatures (38°C day, 28°C night (38/28°C])) or elevated day, normal night (38/17°C), were compared with those from controls grown under normal day and night conditions (28/17°C)”
e1“Accelerated development was observed when both day and night temperatures were elevated, but not when daytime temperature alone was increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The normal developmental program of endosperm is fully executed under prolonged high-temperature conditions, at a faster rate.
- Organ / stage
- endosperme2
- Treatment
- prolonged high-temperature conditionse2
- Outcome
- normal developmental program of endosperme2
- Qualifier
- at a faster ratee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term exposure to elevated temperature on Zea mays endosperm development during grain fill”
e2“the normal developmental program of endosperm is fully executed under prolonged high-temperature conditions, but at a faster rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperatures decreased the abundance of mRNAs related to biosynthesis of starch and storage proteins.
- Organ / stage
- endospermt0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturese3
- Outcome
- abundance of mRNAs related to biosynthesis of starch and storage proteinse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Comparator
- controls grown under normal day and night conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term exposure to elevated temperature on Zea mays endosperm development during grain fill”
e0“Plants subjected to elevated day, elevated night temperatures (38°C day, 28°C night (38/28°C])) or elevated day, normal night (38/17°C), were compared with those from controls grown under normal day and night conditions (28/17°C)”
e3“elevated temperatures decreased abundance of mRNAs related to biosynthesis of starch and storage proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Six of 20 central-metabolic enzyme activities were reduced under high-temperature conditions.
- Organ / stage
- endospermt0
- Treatment
- high-temperature conditionse4
- Outcome
- central-metabolic enzymese4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- six activitiese4
- Comparator
- controls grown under normal day and night conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term exposure to elevated temperature on Zea mays endosperm development during grain fill”
e0“Plants subjected to elevated day, elevated night temperatures (38°C day, 28°C night (38/28°C])) or elevated day, normal night (38/17°C), were compared with those from controls grown under normal day and night conditions (28/17°C)”
e4“Further analysis of 20 central-metabolic enzymes revealed six activities that were reduced under high-temperature conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain filling showed striking overall resilience in the face of elevated temperatures, attributed to accelerated normal endosperm development.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term exposure to elevated temperature on Zea mays endosperm development during grain fill”
e5“a striking overall resilience of grain filling in the face of elevated temperatures can be attributed to acceleration of normal endosperm development”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain dry weight was reduced under high-temperature conditions compared with controls.
- Treatment
- high-temperature conditionse4
- Outcome
- grain dry weighte6
- Direction
- reductione6
- Comparator
- controls grown under normal day and night conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term exposure to elevated temperature on Zea mays endosperm development during grain fill”
e0“Plants subjected to elevated day, elevated night temperatures (38°C day, 28°C night (38/28°C])) or elevated day, normal night (38/17°C), were compared with those from controls grown under normal day and night conditions (28/17°C)”
e4“Further analysis of 20 central-metabolic enzymes revealed six activities that were reduced under high-temperature conditions”
e6“indicating candidate roles in the observed reduction of grain dry weight”
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