Abstract
A field experiment was conducted for three years during rainy ( kharif) season of 2006-2008 at Almora, Uttarakhand to study the effect of different weed control methods on weed infestation, energy use efficiency, pro- ductivity and profitability of direct seeded rice ( Oryza sativa L.) under rainfed conditions. On an average, a weed population of 627/m2 was recorded in the weedy check plots. The grain yield decreased by 78.5-94.8% due to sea- son-long weed-crop competition as compared with hand weeding (20 and 40 DAS). The highest weed-control effi- ciency and loweet nutrient uptake by weeds was recorded with butachlor + hand weeding (40 DAS) closely fol- lowed by hand weeding twice (20 and 40 DAS). Both these treatments recorded higher grain yield (2.21-2.36 t/ha) compared to other treatments. Butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe (40 DAS) was the next best treatment. This treatment required less energy input compared with all other weed control treatments. Butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + wheel- hoe registered the highest energy use efficiency (10.23 and 9.75, respectively) and net re- turns ( 11,868 and 11,299/ha, respectively) compared with other treatments. The benefit: cost ratio was the high- est (1.90) with butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe closely followed by butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + long-handled khurpi.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
A weed population of 627 per m2 was recorded in the weedy check plots of direct-seeded rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed populatione0
- Value
- 627/m2e0
- Setting
- weedy check plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a weed population of 627/m2 was recorded in the weedy check plots”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long weed-crop competition decreased rice grain yield by 78.5-94.8% compared with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- weed-crop competitione0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 78.5-94.8%e0
- Comparator
- hand weeding (20 and 40 DAS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield decreased by 78.5-94.8% due to sea- son-long weed-crop competition as compared with hand weeding (20 and 40 DAS)”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor + hand weeding (40 DAS) gave the highest weed-control efficiency, closely followed by hand weeding twice (20 and 40 DAS).
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- butachlor + hand weeding (40 DAS)e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weed-control effi- ciencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest weed-control effi- ciency and loweet nutrient uptake by weeds was recorded with butachlor + hand weeding (40 DAS)”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor + hand weeding (40 DAS) gave the lowest nutrient uptake by weeds.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- butachlor + hand weeding (40 DAS)e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake by weedse0
- Direction
- loweete0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest weed-control effi- ciency and loweet nutrient uptake by weeds was recorded with butachlor + hand weeding (40 DAS)”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
The best weed-control treatments recorded higher rice grain yield (2.21-2.36 t/ha) than other treatments.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.21-2.36 t/hae0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both these treatments recorded higher grain yield (2.21-2.36 t/ha) compared to other treatments”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe (40 DAS) was the next best treatment.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe (40 DAS)e0
- Outcome
- next best treatmente0
- Direction
- next best treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe (40 DAS) was the next best treatment”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe required less energy input than all other weed control treatments.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- energy inpute0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- all other weed control treatmentse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment required less energy input compared with all other weed control treatments”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor + hand weeding registered the highest energy use efficiency, 10.23, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Butachlor + hand weedinge0
- Outcome
- energy use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 10.23e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + wheel- hoe registered the highest energy use efficiency (10.23 and 9.75, respectively) and net re- turns ( 11,868 and 11,299/ha, respectively) compared with other treatments”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor + wheel-hoe registered the highest energy use efficiency, 9.75, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- butachlor + wheel- hoee0
- Outcome
- energy use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.75e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + wheel- hoe registered the highest energy use efficiency (10.23 and 9.75, respectively) and net re- turns ( 11,868 and 11,299/ha, respectively) compared with other treatments”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor + hand weeding registered the highest net returns, 11,868 per ha, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Butachlor + hand weedinge0
- Outcome
- net re- turnse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11,868e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + wheel- hoe registered the highest energy use efficiency (10.23 and 9.75, respectively) and net re- turns ( 11,868 and 11,299/ha, respectively) compared with other treatments”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor + wheel-hoe registered the highest net returns, 11,299 per ha, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- butachlor + wheel- hoee0
- Outcome
- net re- turnse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11,299/hae0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + wheel- hoe registered the highest energy use efficiency (10.23 and 9.75, respectively) and net re- turns ( 11,868 and 11,299/ha, respectively) compared with other treatments”
t0“Oryza sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
The benefit: cost ratio was highest (1.90) with butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe, closely followed by butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + long-handled khurpi.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoee0
- Outcome
- benefit: cost ratioe0
- Direction
- high- este0
- Value
- 1.90e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The benefit: cost ratio was the high- est (1.90) with butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe”
t0“Oryza sativa”
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