Abstract
SUMMARY Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice (rice grown during Dec–Jan to May–Jun, also known as summer rice) in Southern Asia. Herbicide seems to be a cost effective and strategic tool from an agronomic view point to control weeds; however, herbicide application can potentially interfere with soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). A field study was conducted in 2012/13 and 2013/14 to evaluate the performance of sole and combined application of different pre-emergence herbicides in comparison to manual weeding in boro rice. Lowest weed density, biomass and highest weed control efficiency (~83%) were recorded with the pyrazosulfuron ethyl, causing higher grain yield (6.7 Mg ha −1 in 2012/13 and 4.5 Mg ha −1 in 2013/14) than treatments with chlorimuron + metsulfuron-methyl, bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor, butachlor fb 2,4D, butachlor and cono-weeder. Among, the herbicidal treatments butachlor caused lower grain yield and higher weed density and biomass when compared to the others. Although grain yield was highest in weed-free treatments but net returns and (B:C) benefit cost ratio was highest for pyrazosulfuron ethyl due to high cost of hand weeding. After 15 days of herbicide application, lowest microbial biomass carbon was recorded with bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor, whereas lower values of dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate activities were observed with the application of chlorimuron + metsulfuron-methyl at 15 days after herbicide application. Our results suggest that pyrazosulfuron ethyl is one broad-spectrum and economically effective herbicide for controlling weeds as an alternative to labour consuming hand weeding in boro rice cultivation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrazosulfuron ethyl gave the highest weed control efficiency (about 83%) in boro rice.
- Taxon
- boro ricee1
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron ethyle0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- ~83%e0
- Setting
- field studye2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Lowest weed density, biomass and highest weed control efficiency (~83%) were recorded with the pyrazosulfuron ethyl”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
e2“A field study was conducted in 2012/13 and 2013/14”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrazosulfuron ethyl gave the lowest weed density and biomass in boro rice.
- Taxon
- boro ricee1
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron ethyle0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed density, biomasse0
- Direction
- Loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Lowest weed density, biomass and highest weed control efficiency (~83%) were recorded with the pyrazosulfuron ethyl”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrazosulfuron ethyl gave higher boro rice grain yield than the other herbicide treatments.
Verbatim
e0“Lowest weed density, biomass and highest weed control efficiency (~83%) were recorded with the pyrazosulfuron ethyl”
e1“causing higher grain yield (6.7 Mg ha −1 in 2012/13 and 4.5 Mg ha −1 in 2013/14) than treatments with chlorimuron + metsulfuron-methyl, bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor, butachlor fb 2,4D, butachlor and cono-weeder”
e2“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
e3“A field study was conducted in 2012/13 and 2013/14”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor gave lower boro rice grain yield than the other treatments.
Verbatim
e0“butachlor caused lower grain yield and higher weed density and biomass when compared to the others”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor gave higher weed density and biomass than the other treatments in boro rice.
Verbatim
e0“butachlor caused lower grain yield and higher weed density and biomass when compared to the others”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed-free treatments gave the highest boro rice grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Although grain yield was highest in weed-free treatments”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrazosulfuron ethyl gave the highest net returns and benefit cost ratio in boro rice, due to the high cost of hand weeding.
- Taxon
- boro ricee1
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron ethyle0
- Outcome
- net returns and (B:C) benefit cost ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- due to high cost of hand weedinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“net returns and (B:C) benefit cost ratio was highest for pyrazosulfuron ethyl due to high cost of hand weeding”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor gave the lowest microbial biomass carbon 15 days after herbicide application.
- Taxon
- boro ricee1
- Treatment
- bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlore0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- After 15 days of herbicide applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“After 15 days of herbicide application, lowest microbial biomass carbon was recorded with bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorimuron + metsulfuron-methyl gave lower dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate activities 15 days after application.
- Taxon
- boro ricee1
- Treatment
- chlorimuron + metsulfuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate activitiese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- at 15 days after herbicide applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“lower values of dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate activities were observed with the application of chlorimuron + metsulfuron-methyl at 15 days after herbicide application”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend pyrazosulfuron ethyl as a broad-spectrum, economical herbicide for weed control in boro rice in place of hand weeding.
Verbatim
e0“Our results suggest that pyrazosulfuron ethyl is one broad-spectrum and economically effective herbicide for controlling weeds as an alternative to labour consuming hand weeding in boro rice cultivation”
e1“Weed management is the major challenge to the success of boro rice”
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