Abstract
The field research was performed in the years 2004–2007, at the Mochelek Experimental Station (53°13' N, 17°51' E) near Bydgoszcz on good rye complex. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of chemical control (without protection, herbicide, herbicide + fungicide), the mineral fertilisation (147 and 221 kg/ha NPK) and the sowing density (400 and 600 grains/m) on the occurrence of diseases in winter wheat cv. Tonacja, grown in short-term monoculture. A tendency of an increase in the symptoms severity of tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) intensity and decrease of leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) occurrence was noted in the successive wheat growing years in a short-term monoculture. A significant effect of the studied factors was registered and disease severity was dependent on the pesticide treatments. The fewest disease symptoms were recorded after fungicide (flusilazole + carbendazim) and herbicide (iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium) application. The herbicide (iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium) application resulted in increase of disease occurrence, especially leaf blotch and glume blotch (Phaeosphaeria nodorum). Much more symptoms of leaf blotch and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) were observed at a higher sowing density. Fewer symptoms of diseases were observed at a lower NPK rate.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Tan spot symptoms tended to increase over successive wheat monoculture years.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
Pyrenophora tritici-repentise0pathogen - Outcome
- symptoms severity of tan spote0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- short-term monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A tendency of an increase in the symptoms severity of tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) intensity and decrease of leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) occurrence was noted in the successive wheat growing years in a short-term monoculture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf blotch occurrence tended to decrease over successive wheat monoculture years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Mycosphaerella graminicola
Zymoseptoria triticie0pathogen - Outcome
- leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) occurrencee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Setting
- short-term monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A tendency of an increase in the symptoms severity of tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) intensity and decrease of leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) occurrence was noted in the successive wheat growing years in a short-term monoculture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide and herbicide together produced the fewest disease symptoms.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicide (flusilazole + carbendazim) and herbicide (iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium) applicatione0
- Outcome
- disease symptomse0
- Direction
- feweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fewest disease symptoms were recorded after fungicide (flusilazole + carbendazim) and herbicide (iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium) application.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide application increased disease occurrence, especially leaf blotch and glume blotch.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide (iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium) applicatione0
- Interactor
- Phaeosphaeria nodorum
Parastagonospora nodorume0pathogen - Outcome
- disease occurrence, especially leaf blotch and glume blotche0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicide (iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium) application resulted in increase of disease occurrence, especially leaf blotch and glume blotch (Phaeosphaeria nodorum).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher sowing density increased leaf blotch and powdery mildew symptoms.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher sowing densitye0
- Interactor
- Blumeria graminis
Blumeria graminise0pathogen - Outcome
- symptoms of leaf blotch and powdery mildewe0
- Direction
- Much moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Much more symptoms of leaf blotch and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) were observed at a higher sowing density.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower NPK rate was associated with fewer disease symptoms.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- lower NPK ratee0
- Outcome
- symptoms of diseasese0
- Direction
- Fewere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fewer symptoms of diseases were observed at a lower NPK rate.”
t0“winter wheat”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.