Abstract
Canker caused by the Ascomycete Valsa mali is the most destructive disease of apple in Eastern Asia, resulting in yield losses of up to 100%. This necrotrophic fungus induces severe necrosis on apple, eventually leading to the death of the whole tree. Identification of necrosis inducing factors may help to unravel the molecular bases for colonization of apple trees by V. mali. As a first step toward this goal, we identified and characterized the V. mali repertoire of candidate effector proteins (CEPs). In total, 193 secreted proteins with no known function were predicted from genomic data, of which 101 were V. mali-specific. Compared to non-CEPs predicted for the V. mali secretome, CEPs have shorter sequence length and a higher content of cysteine residues. Based on transient over-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana performed for 70 randomly selected CEPs, seven V. mali Effector Proteins (VmEPs) were shown to significantly suppress BAX-induced PCD. Furthermore, targeted deletion of VmEP1 resulted in a significant reduction of virulence. These results suggest that V. mali expresses secreted proteins that can suppress PCD usually associated with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). ETI in turn may play an important role in the V. mali-apple interaction. The ability of V. mali to suppress plant ETI sheds a new light onto the interaction of a necrotrophic fungus with its host plant.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Valsa mali genomic prediction yields 193 secreted proteins with no known function, 101 of them V. mali-specific
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malie1pathogen
- Outcome
- secreted proteins with no known functione2
- Value
- 193e2
- Qualifier
- of which 101 were V. mali-specifice2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Canker caused by the Ascomycete Valsa mali is the most destructive disease of apple in Eastern Asia”
e2“In total, 193 secreted proteins with no known function were predicted from genomic data, of which 101 were V. mali-specific”
Claim · model-written summary
Candidate effector proteins of V. mali have shorter sequence length than non-CEPs in the secretome
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie3pathogen
- Outcome
- sequence lengthe3
- Direction
- shortere3
- Comparator
- non-CEPse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Canker caused by the Ascomycete Valsa mali is the most destructive disease of apple in Eastern Asia”
e3“Compared to non-CEPs predicted for the V. mali secretome, CEPs have shorter sequence length and a higher content of cysteine residues”
Claim · model-written summary
Candidate effector proteins of V. mali have a higher cysteine residue content than non-CEPs in the secretome
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie3pathogen
- Outcome
- content of cysteine residuese3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- non-CEPse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Canker caused by the Ascomycete Valsa mali is the most destructive disease of apple in Eastern Asia”
e3“Compared to non-CEPs predicted for the V. mali secretome, CEPs have shorter sequence length and a higher content of cysteine residues”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven V. mali effector proteins significantly suppress BAX-induced PCD when transiently over-expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae4 - Treatment
- transient over-expressione4
- Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie4pathogen
- Gene
- VmEPse4
- Outcome
- BAX-induced PCDe4
- Direction
- suppresse4
- Value
- sevene4
- Qualifier
- 70 randomly selected CEPse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Based on transient over-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana performed for 70 randomly selected CEPs, seven V. mali Effector Proteins (VmEPs) were shown to significantly suppress BAX-induced PCD”
Claim · model-written summary
Targeted deletion of VmEP1 significantly reduces V. mali virulence on apple
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- targeted deletion of VmEP1e5
- Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malie1pathogen
- Gene
- VmEP1e5
- Outcome
- virulencee5
- Direction
- reductione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Canker caused by the Ascomycete Valsa mali is the most destructive disease of apple in Eastern Asia”
e5“targeted deletion of VmEP1 resulted in a significant reduction of virulence”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · Cytospora mali · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.