Abstract
Valsa mali is the causal agent of apple Valsa canker, a destructive disease in East Asia. Effector proteins play important roles in the virulence of phytopathogenic fungi, and we identified five Hce2 domain-containing effectors (VmHEP1, VmHEP2, VmHEP3, VmHEP4 and VmHEP5) from the V. mali genome. Amongst these, VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 were found to be up-regulated during the early infection stage and VmHEP1 was also identified as a cell death inducer through its transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Although the deletion of each single VmHEP gene did not lead to a reduction in virulence, the double-deletion of VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 notably attenuated V. mali virulence in both apple twigs and leaves. An evolutionary analysis revealed that VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 are two paralogues, under purifying selection. VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 are located next to each other on chromosome 11 as tandem genes with only a 604 bp physical distance. Interestingly, the deletion of VmHEP1 promoted the expression of VmHEP2 and, vice versa, the deletion of VmHEP2 promoted the expression of VmHEP1. The present results provide insights into the functions of Hce2 domain-containing effectors acting as virulence factors of V. mali, and provide a new perspective regarding the contribution of tandem genes to the virulence of phytopathogenic fungi.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Five Hce2 domain-containing effectors were identified from the V. mali genome.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae7 - Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie0pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEP1, VmHEP2, VmHEP3, VmHEP4 and VmHEP5e0
- Outcome
- five Hce2 domain-containing effectorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified five Hce2 domain-containing effectors (VmHEP1, VmHEP2, VmHEP3, VmHEP4 and VmHEP5) from the V. mali genome”
t0“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
e7“causal agent of apple Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 were up-regulated during early infection.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- early infection stagee0
- Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malit0pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEP1 and VmHEP2e0
- Outcome
- VmHEP1 and VmHEP2e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 were found to be up-regulated during the early infection stage”
t0“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
e1“apple Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient VmHEP1 expression induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- transient expressione0
- Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malit0pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEP1e0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VmHEP1 was also identified as a cell death inducer through its transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana”
t0“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
e1“apple Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Single VmHEP gene deletions did not reduce virulence.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae7
- Treatment
- deletion of each single VmHEP genee0
- Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malit1pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEPe0
- Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- did not lead to a reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the deletion of each single VmHEP gene did not lead to a reduction in virulence”
t0“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
t1“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
e7“causal agent of apple Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 deletion attenuated V. mali virulence in apple twigs and leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- twigs and leavese0
- Treatment
- double-deletion of VmHEP1 and VmHEP2e0
- Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie0pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEP1 and VmHEP2e0
- Outcome
- V. mali virulencee0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the double-deletion of VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 notably attenuated V. mali virulence in both apple twigs and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 are paralogues under purifying selection.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae7
- Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malit1pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEP1 and VmHEP2e0
- Outcome
- two paralogues, under purifying selectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 are two paralogues, under purifying selection”
t0“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
t1“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
e7“causal agent of apple Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 are tandem genes on chromosome 11 separated by 604 bp.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae7
- Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malit1pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEP1 and VmHEP2e0
- Outcome
- located next to each other on chromosome 11 as tandem genese0
- Value
- 604 bpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VmHEP1 and VmHEP2 are located next to each other on chromosome 11 as tandem genes with only a 604 bp physical distance”
t0“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
t1“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
e7“causal agent of apple Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Deleting VmHEP1 promoted VmHEP2 expression.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae7
- Treatment
- deletion of VmHEP1e0
- Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malit1pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEP2e0
- Outcome
- expression of VmHEP2e0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the deletion of VmHEP1 promoted the expression of VmHEP2”
t0“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
t1“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
e7“causal agent of apple Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Deleting VmHEP2 promoted VmHEP1 expression.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae7
- Treatment
- deletion of VmHEP2e0
- Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malit1pathogen
- Gene
- VmHEP1e0
- Outcome
- expression of VmHEP1e0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the deletion of VmHEP2 promoted the expression of VmHEP1”
t0“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
t1“Valsa mali in a redundant manner”
e7“causal agent of apple Valsa canker”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · Cytospora mali · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.